Career Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vocation Research Paper - Essay Example The director is the most notable individual in an ensemble in any event, when they don't play any instrument whatsoever. The most fundamental activity for a director is to show to different individuals from the symphony the beat of the music they ought to play at. The conductor does this utilizing a long stick called an implement, which help the conductor make the ideal beat as clear as could be expected under the circumstances. As the melody goes on, the conductor’s job is to move the mallet towards a few fanciful focuses demonstrating the beat in the bar the ensemble is right now playing. A conductor speaks with different artists verbally during practice while during execution, various developments, motions, and outward appearances demonstrate the conductor’s necessities (Wittry 61). The conductors work doesn't end with showing the sort of beat the music ought to be played. The director has different jobs in the ensemble, for example, the practice and readiness of the symphony for execution. The conductor additionally settles on interpretative choices concerning a few parts of the presentation that incorporates whether a few entries ought to be quick, smooth, slow, delicate, forceful, or boisterous. Further, the director in a symphony knows the most ideal route for all the players to play their instruments effectively notwithstanding making mind-set, air, and translation, which coordinates the conductor’s vision of the performed piece. In spite of the fact that as a general rule the director doesn't play any of the instruments during the exhibition, the ensemble in general is the conductor’s instrument (Mick 9). The pay and working conditions in ensemble symphony is likewise appealing because of the potential it has for a steady profession notwithstanding astounding employer stability, pay and different advantages. Douglas Yeo claims, â€Å"The base scale pay for entertainers in American urban areas, for example, Boston, New York, Chicago, Cleveland, and Philadelphia is generally $2000 per week on the lower scale†. Entertainers of these ensembles are presented to ten weeks paid occasion, wiped out leave, full dental and clinical protection inclusion notwithstanding privilege to benefits following a thirty-year profession. An entertainer can't be excused before assurance by an intervention board, which is normally made out of companion individuals from the ensemble. Much the same as some other vocation accepting ensemble symphony as an occupation whether as a player or a director has its difficulties as observed from news about liquidation, strikes and lose of directors (Eatock 273). A decent compensation and fulfilled life in music regardless, numerous craftsmen in ensemble symphony become critical and tainted since the calling doesn't perceive people yet the entire gathering in general. For one to be happy with life in this industry one needs to acknowledge accomplishments made as a gathering and not to look for singular acknowledgment. Yeo especially singles out obligatory conclusions made by associations guaranteeing it can have negative impact that goes past the normal 3% every week work levy deducted from a player’s pay. Activism in the association is here and there disappointing where players are denied the opportunity to settle on their own choices by compelling them maintain those made by the association. Be that as it may, joy is an individual decision; one can conclude whether to concentrate on the positive or negative parts of a vocation in ensemble symphony. The other testing part of a profession as a director of ensemble symphony is the requesting idea of the work. There is a requirement for players to be in

Politics of Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Legislative issues of Development - Research Paper Example This exploration will start with the explanation that improvement comes regarding administrations offered, offices accessible in a nation for open use and the sort or level of creation in the ventures of that nation. Advancement of this sort could be named as monetary improvement or development. Advancement, particularly financial improvement partners itself with the sort of life individuals of a specific country or state lead long and sound lives. This is the place access to the important assets that ensure a cultivated way of life is conceivable and viable. Then again, improvement rotates around the strengthening where individuals of a specific country control their live through discovering answers for their requests and issues. This considers the accessibility of necessities to the nationals of a given country. In different terms, improvement is the upward development of social frameworks, which incorporate financial and non-monetary components. Improvement works in a manner that makes social, monetary and political systems that can invigorate development in the said territory of advancement. Advancement cultivates simple access to assets, through change, or alteration of the accessible offices to suit the requirements of people or the country all in all. Advancement of any sort has its own disappointments and victories related with it. The different instances of political; advancement extend from great administration that outcomes to better lives through set down systems that guarantee arrangement of the fundamental necessities in a superior and suitable manner. In any case, the accomplishment of monetary advancement is when there is development in financial segments where more organizations prosper and creation forms yield items with great quality and can be benefited to the market at moderate or passage costs. Then again, the disappointments of financial improvement may result to high paces of expansion, joblessness and high expectations for everyday comf orts that a nation may understanding. Financial advancement directly affects the lives of individuals in a nation and it influences practically all exercises completed in a nation. This is on the grounds that, the territories of there economy like the loaning of cash structure banks would profoundly be influenced by financial development, where more individuals might be urged to obtain cash or creation procedures may appear to be supported by the accessibility of crude materials at low costs. Improved expectations for everyday comforts would be markers of monetary development. Therefore, monetary improvement is progressively principal and proper receptacle understanding what it implies by advancement as the entire world spotlights on financial advancement in different manners. Numerous nations take part in monetary advancement procedures to improve expectations for everyday comforts of individuals inside the nations. Each nation has its own history on how it manages financial issues (Shane 2005). Financial Development in America was found in the year fourteen ninety-two by Christoph Kolumbus, where the primary pioneers originated from Europe and accurately England. After the appearance of the English individuals, they started to incorporate settlements that came about with new urban communities. In mid sixteen nineteen tobacco industry foundation implied that work power was required and subsequently, slaves from Netherlands needed to chip away at the new settled tobacco industry estate and manufacturing plant. The Americans began battling and getting insubordinate to the British minority after the Britons planned troublesome monetary guidelines. In the late seventeen seventies, the Americans overwhelmed the British powers and accordingly, the then British King respected a harmony understanding marking that allowed the Americans autonomy and George Washington turned into the main president. Because of his enthusiasm for monetary issues, subjection affected the historical backdrop of America during his time. Subjugation finished with the common war after Abraham Lincoln who was against turned into the following American president by

My nephew free essay sample

When my sister got back home my life started to change unquestionably more than anticipated. During the following hardly any months I couldnt Imagine an all the more tiring a great time, however more compensating than anything. In this brief timeframe I started to take on new duties around the house. Im not the one to normally do tasks. Be that as it may, when the child came into the house, I was liable for dealing with him while my sister was occupied with doing errands. I needed to acquire how to take care of him, which was entirely simple. At that point some time later I needed to figure out how to transform him, which was somewhat troublesome in light of the fact that I truly didnt realize what I was doing half of the time, because of me not realizing which side goes on which side. Despite the fact that I later figured out how to ace changing an infant, it was truly troublesome at that point. We will compose a custom exposition test on My nephew or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page When I got back home from school, I needed to deal with him, which didnt keep going long in light of the fact that he would nod off rapidly. The main month of this new individual In my life wasnt really awful in light of the fact that despite everything continued as before as in the past, just with a couple of more obligations. Quick track a half year, my life has truly changed significantly. My nephew got more seasoned, so needed to learn more duties and this implied I had less spare time. When I got back home from school, my sister went to work, so I needed to deal with the child obviously. It was dfferent however. Presently he didnt nod off as quick, which implied I couldnt do what I typically did. I likewise didnt have a lot of time to get my work done. This was an intense time since I invested my free energy doing only gazing at the TV. I wasnt getting enough rest so I couldnt keep my eyes open during class. My evaluations dropped in my subsequent semester and my folks were somewhat distraught about that. In the event that that wasnt awful enough, during the center of the night when Im snoozing, the child as a rule awakens so I need to take care of him for at any rate 20 minutes in light of the fact that my sister is either worn out from work or she is doing her school schoolwork. At that point I rest and wake up tired and my cycle rehashes. I had an inclination that I needed to surrender. I thought mysel f l need to change my propensities in the event that I need prevail throughout everyday life and be a decent good example for him. I started to utilize my spare time during class to get my work done right on time as opposed to ozing off into space. When I got back home from school, Id deal with my nephew and as he nodded off, Id quickly get my work done. I despite everything made them miss grades. Presently I had all the more spare time and more opportunity to rest. I did this since when Although I made some extreme memories with my nephew, It was justified, despite all the trouble since I figured out how to not be a sluggish child any longer and grow up. Having my nephew was incredible on the grounds that he carried delight to my entire family and nothing is more noteworthy than that. He additionally gave me an extraordinary life exercise. In life you may feel like you simply need to surrender, however you have to ealize the prize Is a lot more noteworthy than you can envision. IOFI My nephew By Anonymourel 956 My nephew was conceived on Nov. 15, 2011, however I didnt respect it around then. As During the following not many months I couldnt envision an additionally tiring a great time, however more would nod off rapidly. The main month of this new individual in my life wasnt really awful in light of the fact that I despite everything continued as before as in the past, Just with a couple of more obligations. so I needed to learn more obligations and this implied I had less spare time. When normal. It was unique however. Presently he didnt nod off as quick, which implied I ouldnt do what I normally did. I likewise didnt have a lot of time to get my work done. This wasnt getting enough rest so I couldnt keep my eyes open during class. My evaluations you care about somebody so much, youre ready to do anything for them. Despite the fact that I made some extreme memories with my nephew, it was justified, despite all the trouble since I figured out how to not carried Joy to my entire family and nothing is more prominent than that. He additionally gave me an extraordinary life exercise. In life you may feel like you Just need to surrender, yet you have to understand the prize is a lot more noteworthy than you can envision.

NAZISM Essays (2384 words) - Adolf Hitler, Nazi Germany,

NAZISM The National Socialist German Workers' Party nearly passed on one morning in 1919. It numbered just two or three dozen complainers' it had no association and no political thoughts. Be that as it may, numerous among the white collar class appreciated the Nazis' strong restriction to the Social Democrats. What's more, the Nazis topics of nationalism and militarism drew profoundly enthusiastic reactions from individuals who couldn't overlook Germany's prewar supreme greatness. In the national appointment of September 1930, the Nazis gathered about 6.5 million votes and turned out to be second just to the Social Democrats as the most well known gathering in Germany. In Northeim, where in 1928 Nazi applicants had gotten 123 votes, they currently surveyed 1,742, a decent 28 percent of the aggregate. The across the nation achievement drew much quicker... in only three years, party enrollment would ascend from about 100,000 to just about a million, and the quantity of nearby branches would increment ten times. The new individuals included average workers individuals, ranchers, and white collar class experts. They were both better instructed and more youthful at that point the Old Fighters, who had been the foundation of the party during its first decade. The Nazis currently introduced themselves as the gathering of the youthful, the solid, and the unadulterated, contrary to a foundation populated by the older, the frail, and the licentious. Hitler was conceived in a humble community in Austria in 1889. As a little fellow, he indicated little desire. In the wake of dropping out of secondary school, he moved to Vienna to consider craftsmanship, however he was denied the opportunity to join Vienna foundation of expressive arts. When WWI broke out, Hitler joined Kaiser Wilhelmer's armed force as a Corporal. He was not an individual critical. He was an animal of a Germany made by WWI, and his conduct was molded by that war and its results. He had risen up out of Austria with numerous biases, including a amazing bias against Jews. Once more, he was a result of his occasions... for some Austrians and Germans were biased against the Jews. For Hitler's situation the preference had become twisted it was a prevailing power in his private and political characters. Against Semitism was not an arrangement for Adolf Hitler- - it was religion. Also, in the Germany of the 1920s, shocked by rout, and the attacks of the Versailles arrangement, it was not difficult for a pioneer to persuade millions that one component of the country's general public was liable for the vast majority of the wrongs stored upon it. The truth of the matter is that Hitler's enemy of Semitism was self- incurred snag to his political achievement. The Jews, as different Germans, were stunned by the revelation that the war had not been battled to a halt, as they were directed to have faith in November 1918, however that Germany had , truth be told, been crushed and was to be treated as a vanquished nation. Had Hitler not set out on his strategy of disestablishing the Jews as Germans, and later of killing them in Europe, he could have depended on their unwaveringness. There is no explanation to think whatever else. On the night of November 8, 1923, Wyuke Vavaruab State Cinnussuiber Gustav Rutter von Kahr was making a political discourse in Munich's rambling B?rgerbr?ukeller, about 600 Nazis and conservative supporters encompassed the brew lobby. Hitler burst into the structure and jumped onto a table, wielding a gun and shooting a fired into the roof. The National Revolution, he cried, has started! By then, educated that battling had broken out in another piece of the city, Hitler hurried to that scene. His detainees were permitted to leave, and they discussed sorting out protections against the Nazi upset. Hitler was of course irate. What's more, he was a long way from wrapped up. At about 11 o'clock on the morning of November 9- - the commemoration of the establishing of the German Republic in 1919- - 3,000 Hitler partisans again accumulated outside the B?rgerbr?ukeller. Right up 'til today, nobody realizes who discharged the main shot. Be that as it may a shot rang out, and it was trailed by fusillades from both sides. Hermann G?ring fell injured in the thigh and both legs. Hitler smoothed himself against the asphalt; he was safe. General Ludenorff kept on walking indifferently toward the police line, which separated to let him go through (he was later captured, attempted and absolved). Behind him, 16

Labor rights for illegal immigrants and why we should support them Research Paper

Work rights for illicit settlers and why we should bolster them - Research Paper Example Who are Illegal Immigrants? It is hard to characterize unlawful foreigners. Where illicit movement starts and closures is an issue for every sovereign state to characterize (Tapinos). There are two sorts of illicit transients the individuals who enter wrongfully and the individuals who exceed subsequent to entering lawfully. Occasional laborers who neglect to return after the expiry of the agreement and dismissed refuge searchers are additionally part of the subsequent gathering. In nations like USA and Canada, which are available to relocation, illicit migration is one of the alternatives to become would be migrants. In any case, in nations of Europe, it is the main alternative with the exception of those applying for shelter or family reunification (Tapinos). It is evaluated that there is around four to 5,000,000 illicit outsiders in USA, which is about 1.5% of the populace 300,000 in Greece (3%) and Italy (0.5%) ( Tapinos). Illicit transients join unlawful occupation showcase wher e he consents to work for less pay than the neighborhood laborers. Bosses in created nations advantage as they have to pay just low wages. The government assistance commitments and non wage expenses would be less. The illicit laborers don't deal and won't make any issue regardless of whether compelled to work for extended periods. The unlawful migrants are constantly anxious to get regularized. ... Significance of Labor Rights for Working Immigrants According to International Labor Organization (ILO), 20% of world’s laborers are in industrialized nations ie.600 million. There are 2.5 billion specialists in the creating nations (Martin). There were 191 million global vagrants in 2005. It was 76 million of every 1960 and 175 million out of 2000 (Dittrick). A transient laborer is an individual who is to be locked in, is locked in or has been occupied with a compensated movement in a State of which the individual in question is definitely not a national (Convention). In 1990, the UN General Assembly received International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. It might be noted here that work rights are human rights. Global human rights apply to every single individual. Everybody, regardless of whether resident or foreigner, lawful or illicit appreciates fundamental human rights, for example, right to life, freedom an d security of individual; opportunity from servitude and torment; option to rise to insurance of law and opportunity from segregation; opportunity from discretionary capture and detainment; the assumption of honesty; and the privilege to opportunity of affiliation, religion and articulation (The Rights of Migrants). The all inclusive Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and Conventions received by the International Labor Organization gives the privilege of affiliation, the option to free decision of business, the option to rise to compensation for work of equivalent worth, and the option to simply and great states of work to the outsiders. It likewise forbids constrained work and

Sample on Case Study Assignment

Sample on Case Study Assignment Case Study Assignment Mar 26, 2018 in Case Studies Introduction It has been necessary that the ratios of students to teachers be examined in order to find out whether more teachers should be employed to assist students or enroll more students to utilize the services provided by teacher. It has been found possible to find this relationship by the use of descriptive statistics to estimate whether more teachers should be employed or more students should be enrolled. The main method that has been identified is the use of statistical techniques such as the use of descriptive statistics: mean, median, standard deviation and variance as well as the use of analytical techniques such as correlation analysis. Correlation analysis has been done by determination of correlation coefficient. Some of the schools in San Diego include Dana Middle School, Point Loma High School, San Diego Unified School and Herbert Hoover High School. This study involves the analysis of these schools in San Diego from the year 2000 until the year 2004.

A Raisin in the Sun Themes - Free Essay Example

Lorraine Hansberry is an African American Playwright and writer who was born in Chicago, Illinois 1930. She was born to an African American family who at this time were perceived as better off than others in the African American community. Hansberrys father was an educated Real Estate broker. He used his education and his achievements as a platform to uplift and speak out for the Black community who at this time, especially in the South, were being mistreated. Despite Hansberrys fathers educational and academic accomplishments, he was still mistreated by society. In A Raisin in the Sun, Hansberry reflects on events that actually took place in her life, things she witnessed her father and family experience. In the play, a family gains financial stability and decides to move into a more suburban community. They receive opposition from the community when a community representative personally offers the family more money than they intend to pay for the house in exchange for not moving there. This compares to Hansberrys personal experience where her father moved her family into a predominantly white community and her family was rejected and threatened because of their race. One can say that Hansberrys motivation for her plays come from her personal experiences of being a black sheep. Hansberry could compare herself to a black sheep due to the objectivity she faced because of the color of her skin and later on her sexuality. A Raisin in the Sun gives a perspective of the Black experience in the 1950s. The Black experience in the 1950s reflects the freedom struggle of the civil rights movement. These experiences developed the fear of failure despite achievement, yearning for wealth and the pursuing of the American Dream. The fear of failure despite achievement is shown in the play through the character, Walter. Throughout the play we see Walter battle himself because of his inability to properly support his family. He sees his dad work so hard all his life and not get to see his dreams fulfill, leaving behind his family. I believe although Walter speaks about doing better he never made an initiative because of his fear of failure despite. He feared that even if he worked just as hard as his father he too would not see the fruits of his labor. He would want his hard work to be for something, not to go in vain. I believe Hansberrys used this character to reflect the effects of the law on the perseverance of African American men in the 1950s. Hansberrys father was an educated African American. However, even at the peak of his achievements he was not granted the same freedoms as others in society because of the color of his skin. He put in a lot of work in order to advance himself despite opposition from the system but still did not get what he deserved. I believe this is the fear that Walter had in the play. Walter feared that he would put his blood, sweat and tears to advance himself only to not be given the equal opportunity as others. Beneatha also experienced this fear of failure despite achievement in the play. Her goals were to beat the odds of going to medical school and become a female doctor. She also desires to be connected to her heritage by discovering her roots. Later on in the play, Beneatha considers marrying her African classmate and moving to Nigeria with him. In the end Beneatha decides that she no longer wants to become a doctor anymore. She concluded that humans are selfish and humanity cannot be fixed. I believe that Beneatha gave up on her dreams because she was afraid. Afraid that she would not get too far or accomplish everything that she wanted accomplish. Beneatha was afraid that despite her achievement she would still fail. Money is the route of all evil. Money is a very important part in the play. The play depicts a poor family living in a small apartment in Chicago. The Mom, her two kids, her daughter in law and her grandchild. Money became a necessity to get them out of their current situation. Once the family received the insurance check from the fathers death it formed a wedge in the family. They began to debate on who deserved the rights to use the money, who needed the money. Money was the answer to all of the conflict in the play likewise it caused more conflict. Mama worried about the families future and wellbeing. She becomes willing to sacrifice anything for her childrens future. She took on this responsibility when Mr. Younger passed away. Mama cared more about her familys future than the money. However, one can argue that the catalyst for her familys success is money, wealth. Walter was unhappy having to squash his family into his mothers small apartment having his son sleep on the couch. He was not satisfied with his life. He wanted to do better for his wife and his son. Walter struggled with his manhood due to his inability of being the breadwinner in the household. When his wife announces her pregnancy and her consideration of abortion he does nothing. He goes to the bar. Walter was not in a position financial to have a baby neither to finance aborting it. Money played a vital role in Beneathas dreams. She needed money to pursue her dreams of becoming a doctor. Although her family could not afford to, they pushed Beneath and supported her financially in order for her to reach her dreams. Collectively, they all needed money for their future happiness, some more than other, in pursuit of achieving their American Dream.

Prison Overcrowding The United States - 1535 Words

Matthew Fuhrman CRIJ 1306 Dr. Peniston April 20, 2017 Prison Overcrowding The United States has the highest number of incarcerated individuals than other countries. Offenders are arrested every day for minor and major offences such as murder. America is hard on crime. When someone breaks the law the criminal justice’s system seeks an eye for an eye. Prison overcrowding has become a major problem in the United States, it is very expensive to house an inmate and there are other methods to punish offenders without sending them to prison for extended periods of time. The American criminal justice system is hard on crime. It is possible that the American criminal justice system is too hard on crime. People are being sent to prison for minor†¦show more content†¦Magee’s (2016) research has found the following: â€Å"Corporation of America (CCA), the GEO Group, and Management and Training Corp. Private prison companies now house about half of the country s prisoners, up from only about 10% a decade ago. The money thes e companies have spent on lobbying and campaign donations is estimated to be at least $45 million over the last decade† (p. 2). Private prisons make their money by the number of inmates they have incarcerated. This contributes to prison overcrowding and a high amount of inmates incarcerated for low-level offences. The prison population has skyrocketed in the last thirty years. â€Å"In 1985, the total number of people incarcerated in the United States was 481,393 and had an enormous increase in 2015 to 1,476,847† (State-by-State Data, 2017). This disproportionate effect could be related to the increase of technology and the change in culture from one generation to another. It cost approximately $50 dollars a day to house an inmate. This is equivalent to $1,400 per month, which is the cost for a luxury apartment in the state of Texas. A report by the Price of Prisons, states that the cost of incarcerating one inmate in Fiscal 2010 was $31,307 per year. In states like Connecticut, Washington state, New York, it s anywhere from $50,000 to $60,000† (News C, 2012). Criminals who are incarcerated for m inor offences over an extendedShow MoreRelatedPrison Overcrowding And The United States994 Words   |  4 PagesPrison Overcrowding In the United States, there’s two types of incarcerations: jail vs prison and federal vs state. The key difference between all prison systems is the size, location, and quantity of inmates and the crime rate in each area. Overpopulation has been an issue for a while mainly because for the safety for the inmates, the Three Strike Law, and also, society feeling that rehabilitation isn’t what they want for convicted felons. In the future, the system of corrections should decreaseRead MorePrison Overcrowding And The United States1555 Words   |  7 Pagesones.† The prisons in the United States have been overcrowded for many years and require a change in order to fix this. Some of the main causes for prison overcrowding that will be covered in this paper are mass incarceration, long sentencing, recidivism, and prisoners of drug crimes. Overcrowding of prisons in the United States is a major issue that affects not only the prisoners themselves, but taxpayers and politi cians. Although there are many different solutions to prison overcrowding such as buildingRead MorePrison Overcrowding And Its Effects On The United States Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesPer Derek Gilna’s report on Increase in Federal Prison Population, Overcrowding, prisons have become overpopulated throughout a five-year span from 2006 to 2011 (Gilna, page 48). Prison overcrowding has become a plague in the United States for some time now. The US Bureau of Justice Statistics shows more than two-million adults are incarcerated in US federal and state prisons. There are many reasons that prisons are becoming overpopulated but not such a certain cause. To fix the problem, attentionRead MoreThe Effects Of Prison Overcrowding On The United States Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States has the biggest imprisonment rate on the planet, and paying a high cost for it. Detainment strength finished in the mid-1970s when the jail populace expanded from 300,000 to 1.6million detainees, and the imprisonment rate from 100 for each 100,000 to more than 500 for every 100,000. Nonetheless, there is by all accounts little relationship between the wrongdoing rate and the imprisonment rate (Clear et al., 2013). One of the causes of prison overcrowding comes about because of theRead MoreOvercrowding And Its Effects On The United States Prison System1178 Words   |  5 Pages Overcrowding prisons are an issue that has been influencing the United States prison population for decades, however what is the true significance of overcrowding. As indicated by Jeff Bleich (1989) â€Å"the term overcrowding is repetitive, since crowding already refers to a higher level of social density than is desired†. An overcrowded prison is a shocking condition that causes outrage and dissatisfaction among detainees (Haney, 2014). This condition is so undesirable that one can consider it as unconstitutionalRead MoreEssay about American Intervention: Prisons in the United States576 Words   |  3 Pageshelp of our own concerning our prisons. First, we could use help with overcrowding. Next, minor flaws in our justice system that contribute to overcrowding. Finally, the condition of some of our prisons don’t make them seem like they are not prisons at all. In the United States, prison overcrowding is caused by many issues. These include not enough room in prisons, increasing crime rates, and changes in the justice system’s laws. Causes of prison overcrowding may include: double-celling, prisonerRead MorePrison Overcrowding Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pages Prison Overcrowding Nicole Neal American Intercontinental University Abstract This research paper is to explore the impact of prison overcrowding. The United States has a, what seems to be everlasting, prison overcrowding problem. Not only does the United States have this dilemma, but also many other countries have overcrowded prisons as well. Many issues need to be addressed; ways to reduce the prison populations and how to effectively reduce prison cost withoutRead MoreTheu.s. State Prison System965 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem in the Unites State Prison system because of overcrowding. First I am going to talk about what cause the overcrowding in the Prison system. After that I will talk what are the affect we are facing now days for overcrowding in the prison system. Than what should we do to stop prison to get overcrowding and how is going to help out society. Now we going to talk about the reason why our prison is overcrowding in the United State. According to (â€Å"What Causes Overcrowding,† 2011) the first mainRead MoreEffects Of Prison Overcrowding1345 Words   |  6 Pagesthat prison overcrowding causes towards the inmates and the guards. I will first address the issue of violence that prison overcrowding causes. My next point will be the health of the inmates discussing both their physical and mental while in overcrowded prisons. Lastly I will discuss the physical and mental health of the correctional officers and how the job could lead to correctional officers having issues in their private life. Prison Overcrowding has become a major issue in the United StatesRead MoreThe Overcrowding Of The Correctional Facilities1730 Words   |  7 Pagesthreat to maintaining this balance is the overcrowding of prisons. In 2011, the United States Supreme Court ruled that massive overcrowding of California prisons violates its prisoner’s eighth amendment right protecting them from cruel and unusual punishment (Boylan, 2015, p. 558). At the time California’s correctional institutions were at double their capacity, housing over 155, 500 prisoners in only 33 institutions (Specter, 2010, p. 194). The overcrowding of correctional facilities is one of the

Type Of Article Original Writing Essay - 1848 Words

Type of article: Original Name of the Author - Fahad Abdullah Al-Wadaani Department(s) and institution(s) Associate Professorin Ophthalmology , king Faisal University Medical College, Al ahsa, E mail address : tanyaata@yahoo.com Principal Authors Previous publications: 1. Extraocular muscle pthway displacement in myopic strabismus fixus, Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 2006 vol. 43(5) page 320 2. Infected epithelial inclusion cyst mimicking subconjunctival abscess after strabismus surgery, J AAPOS. 2007 Mar 23 3. T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia presenting as red eye, Middle East Afr J Ophthalmology, 4. A forecast of ophthalmology practice trends in saudi arabia: a survey of junior residents, Middle east afr j ophthalmology Total number of pages: 7 Total number of Tables: 6 Words count : 3807 Total Number of Figures : nil Source(s) of support: Ministry of Health , Saudi Arabia Presentation at a meeting:Nil Organisation: King Faisal University Medical College Place: Al Ahsa Date : 6-09-2016 Conflicting Interest (If present, give more details) Nil Nursing Students Perceived Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices concerning ocular complications of diabetes Abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to assess the perceived knowledge, attitude and practice of the final year nursing students of King Faisal University nursing college towards diabetic ocular disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional survey was conducted in KingShow MoreRelatedA Report On Nars Style, Format, And Documentation945 Words   |  4 PagesHandbook for Writers of Research Papers offers complete and detailed guidance on NARS style, and there are many resources on the Internet that explain NARS style. Below is a primer of some of the most frequent and basic rules that pertain to the writing with NARS. Seek out other sources if the information below does not include what you need. NARS Format Your formal papers for this course should include or use: ï‚ § The following information in the upper left corner of the first page: your nameRead MoreCritique Of The Defense Of Cover Songs1637 Words   |  7 Pagessnowballing from the past that a cover song is merely a copy or rip off of the original. This dilemma is discussed in an article Don Cusic, who has taught courses in the music business industry since 1982 and is known as a pioneer of music business education. 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In TOEFL iBT, for instance, paraphrasing is an important skill in the reading section, in the listening section and, above all, in the speaking and writing sections of the test. Here is a quick example of paraphrasing using a phrase from the paragraph above: 1. Paraphrasing is a very important skill for most English testsRead MoreEssay on Plagiarism1301 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of anothers words without attribution and without enclosing the words in quotation marks. Plagiarism may also be defined as the act of taking the ideas or expressions of ideas of another person and representing them as ones own--even if the original paper has been paraphrased or otherwise modified.† (â€Å"Department of Nursing† ) A lot of people, including myself have been confused of what plagiarism really means. Through my research I found that there are many different kinds of plagiarism and

The Issue Of Concern Warrantless Gps Devices A Violation...

Police Officer take an oath promising to obey and respect all constitutional rights of citizens of USA. Somewhere along the lines, a few forget the oath and end up violating some of those rights. This paper present a few violations of rights under the US Constitution scenario; furthermore, it will also attempt to explain the outcomes. First Issue of concern: Warrantless GPS Devices a violation of the Fourth Amendment Summary of Facts Despite not obtaining a warrant or following instructions from the Sheriff to hold off, Officer Renegade placed a GPS device on a suspect’s car to monitor the vehicle for 10 days; he had suspicions that the subject would pick up a significant large quantity of†¦show more content†¦Arguments Presented by Each Side a) Officer Renegade: Believe he was acting in good faith and his actions were within legal authority. b) Criminal Lawyer: Alleges a violation of his client’s Fourth Amendment Right of the US Constitution that protect the public from an illegal search and seizure. The lawyer claims that placing a warrantless GPS in his client’s vehicle does not give the court legal probable cause to search his client’s residency; therefore, evidence collected should not be admissible in a court of law. c) Saint Leo County Sheriff: Officer Renegade placed the GPS without authorization of the Sheriff Department. Applicable Law Fourth Amendment Right protects American citizens, person, homes, documents, and belongings, against unreasonable searches and seizures. This right should not be violated, and no warrants should be issued without probable cause. Probable cause must be supported by evidences, and must describe the place to be searched and information on the persons or things to be seize (Legal Information Institute , 2015). Suspect (unknown name), is seeking to suppress drug evidence seized in his residence that could lead to an indictment for trafficking drugs. The warrant to search the house was based on evidence obtained through the installation of a warrantless GPS device to his vehicle. In the case of State v. Johnson 2011-0033, evidence collected through a warrantless GPS led to

Problems Faced By The Public School System - 1135 Words

Issue and importance There is widespread discrimination within the public school system, due to differences in funding for schools. Children who attend schools in poor communities are receiving less funding while the opposite is true of wealthy children. This situation is resulting in a glass ceiling effect that stops poor children from pursuing a higher education. A lack of quality education results in a population that fails to overcome the boundaries that maintain them within a chain of poverty. As a result this lack of opportunity results in a social welfare problem. We are left with a disenfranchised population that needs help to survive day to day difficulties. If education is key to overcoming poverty not enough is being done to help children succeed. Poor children need extra funding to succeed in school. It is irrational to expect children living in poverty to pursue happiness when they must overcome obstacles at home as well as at school. There is great need to provide all children equal education and prevent discrimination. History of Public Schools Providing an equal education was the main idea behind the public school system. Dating back to colonial times in America, we can trace the idea that the puritans established when they passed the â€Å"old Deluder Satan Act, which stated that all towns of 50 Families or more people had to establish an elementary school and towns of 100 or also needed a grammar school† (Guisepi, R, The History of Education, n.d.).Show MoreRelatedHorace Mann s The Father Of Common School946 Words   |  4 Pagesmany contributes to the education system. In 1837, the first ever Massachusetts state board of education was formed and Mann was chosen secretary. This was the beginning of a progressive movement in public education, this movement was often referred to as the Common School Movement. 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Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Product Free Essays

Brand name translation is important for these companies to make their products acceptable in China. But brand name translation is more difficult than translation of other text types because of its features and functions. Among all translation theories, functionalist translation theory, proposed in Germany in 1970s, breaks through traditional translation theories and focuses on functions of translation action. We will write a custom essay sample on Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Product or any similar topic only for you Order Now It provides zero translation with theoretic support. Zero translation is appropriate for brand name translation because zero translation emphasizes the effect of translation. This thesis is going to introduce the difficulty of brand name translation, zero translation and functionalist translation theory with many examples of electronic product brand name to prove that zero translation is an effective method for translating brand name. Key words: Zero translation; Functionalist translation theory; brand name; electronic products I , , , ,20 70 , , : ; ; ; II Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Product Introduction During recent decades, China has become one of the largest markets in the world, and all international companies sell their products and services in China, including electronic products. In order to increase sales in China, many companies translate their brand names in Chinese to help Chinese consumers recognize and accept their products. However, there are many difficulties in translating brand names. On one hand, brand names and their translations must be informative and concise. On the other hand, there are unavoidable differences between the culture of SL and that of TL. Equivalence-based theory focuses on the translation and the equivalence of content. But if the translation of brand name is simple, it often cannot express the cultural meaning of brand name in SL or the characteristics of products, and users of TL cannot understand the brand’s meaning or imagine the product’s characteristics as users of SL do. If the translation of brand name expresses the cultural meaning of SL fully, it usually cannot be simple and easy to be memorized. Thus, how to translate brand names is difficult. In 1970s, functionalist theory was put forward and it emphasized the purpose of translation rather than the equivalence of content. The purpose of brand translation is to transmit the information of products such as advantages of products and the culture of company to domestic consumers. In consideration of conciseness and cultural differences, many brand names are translated with transliteration and transference. In 2001, Professor Qiu Maoru brought about a new term, zero translation, after the study of non-translation by Professor Du Zhengming in 2000. In the view of Qiu, zero translation includes omission, transliteration and transference. In recent years, some studies have proved that zero translation is an effective method of brand name translation and it agrees with the functionalist translation theory. Since 1970s, with the development of technology, a large number of electronic products, such as computers, mobile phones, digital 1 cameras, have been developed and produced, and they have succeeded in changing people’s life style and work pattern. This thesis is going to prove that zero translation is an applicable method of brand name translation by providing some typical examples and by analyzing the usage of zero translation in brand translation. Chapter 1 Literature Review 1. 1 Study of Du Zhengming Professor Du Zhengming defines zero translation as non-translation and he thinks that not only transferring the original form of SL into TL is a kind of non-translation but also transliteration is a kind of non-translation because non-translation is the opposite of translation and because translation is to translate meanings. Du negates zero translation as a special method of translation, and it was unacceptable by others that his concept of zero translation covered transliteration and non-translation. 1. 2 Study of Qiu Maoru In 2001, Professor Qiu Maoru published an article named Translatability and Zero Translation in Chinese Translators Journal and brought forward the item, zero translation. â€Å"Zero translation means translating words in SL without using the ready-existing words in TL. It includes two meanings: 1. translating with a deliberate omission of words in SL; 2. ranslating without using the ready-existing words in TL. † (Qiu 26) It is the first time that zero translation appears and triggers more debates on the definition of zero translation. But the omission should not be considered as a kind of zero translation because it is different from transference and transliteration. The omission is used to keep briefness without losing cultural meaning of SL, but the other two are applied for avoiding losing cultural meaning, therefore the purpose of omission is different from those of the other two methods. 1. Study of Liu Mingdong 2 In 2002, Liu Mingdong divided zero translation into two kinds, absolute zero translation and relative zero translation on the base of the study of Qiu. The absolute zero translation means direct usage of original form in SL and it includes ellipsis and transference. Relative zero translation is to express words of SL with the appropriate usage of words in TL and it includes transliteration, sound-meaning combination translation, complementary translation, image translation, literal translation with notes and adaptation. Although Liu developed the concept of zero translation, he still did not clarify the definition of zero translation. 1. 4 Study of Zhang Mengya In 2011, Zhang Mengya, in an article discussing brand zero translation, divided zero translation into two kinds, narrow zero translation and general zero translation. The former is transference and the latter contains transliteration and complementary translation. She further analyzed zero translation under the functionalist translation theory and thought that zero translation of brand name helped companies express their spirit based on the consumers’ cultural habits. Although the definition of zero translation is still unclear, translators have accepted the concept of zero translation and take it as a common translation strategy. This thesis will not focus on the definition or the classification of zero translation and it will analyze the usage of zero translation in brand name translati on to prove the applicability of zero translation. Chapter 2 Introduction to Brand Name In the modern society, the world has unprecedented prosperity of economy, which embodies the improvement of living standard, the decrease of unemployment and the production of various commodities. Meanwhile, competition is so fierce that all companies seek their own advantages to expand sales. Some companies with long history and virtue of excellent quality regard brand name as a significant advantage because it symbolizes recognition and faith of customers. What is brand name or trade 3 mark? â€Å"‘Brand name’ is the name given to a product by the company that makes it† (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 207) Brand name is a distinctive sign that help customers distinguish or identify particular products or services which produced or provided by a specific person, enterprise or a group of persons or enterprises. For example, in 1972, in order to change its brand name to a special one, Standard Oil Company in New Jersey spent million dollars and hired hundreds of people and they managed to discover a group of letters, Exxon, which had been never used in any language on Earth and thus would avoid ambiguity. When people see Exxon now, only Exxon Oil Company appears in their minds because Exxon has no other meaning but Exxon Oil Company and it is easy to be distinguished. This example shows some features of brand names such as conciseness, identification and novelty. In the following part, the author will discuss features of brand names. 2. 1 Features of Brand Name: Conciseness, Identification and Novelt y Brand name helps consumers to distinguish its products or services from others’, therefore it must be so easy to be recognized that people are likely to notice its products among products of the same kind, in other words, brand name must be concise and distinctive. Identification helps people to be aware of differences between different products. For example, brand names of mobile products of Apple Company include iPhone, iPad, iPod and iTouch and the company plans to produce a television called iTV. It is easy to recognize products of Apple Company because their brand names begin with the letter I, and even some people think of Apple Company when they see any sign beginning with the letter I. Brand name should be short because it is hard to be remembered if it is too long. It is undeniable that a long brand name leave people deep impression, but they can hardly distinguish it from similar ones. Because some shorter ones are imitated, for instance Hike imitates Nike and Kuma imitates Puma, let alone longer ones. Brand names are supposed to leave people deep impression as long as possible and some particular brand names always appear in their mind when they want to buy something. Novelty is a feature of brand name and it can not only avoid ambiguity just as the example of Exxon shows but also offer 4 people pleasant feeling and fresh impression. Nokia adopts Lumia as its next series of Window Phone because Lumia is easy to be pronounced in all languages and has no negative meaning in any culture. . 2 Functions of Brand Name As mentioned above, brand names are concise and novelty, as a way of identification. Those features are met to suit the functions of brands. 2. 2. 1 Informative Function Brand name is directly linked to product, showing people their features. But brand name usually shows only one of their features of product because it is short. Some brand names come from the location or the main founder of company. For example, BMW, the world-famous automobile brand, is the abbreviation of Bavarian Motor Works, which shows that the company is located in Bavaria. Nokia, one of the largest handset manufacturers in the world, is just the name of the small town in Finland where the company was created in 1865. Goodyear, the third largest tire maker, is named after Charles Goodyear, the inventor of vulcanized rubber. Sennheiser, the famous audio equipment manufacturer, is named after its founder, Fritz Sennheiser. Some others show the quality or the cultural meaning of product such as the effect of products and the goal of purchase. For example, Lux, a soap brand name owned by Unilever, stresses the effect of the soap, which lusters the skin, because the letter lux shares the same root word with the letter luster and it is the unit of illuminance. Pampers, the most famous brand of baby diapers owned by P;G, reflects the love from parents to children. These brands named after people and location have little cultural meaning and they just show the history or information of company. But others are created on the base of culture and their results of translation are meaningless if they are transmitted without the ground of culture. . 2. 2 Stimulating Consumption When a company launches new products, it must consider and identify target 5 customers to meet the particular need of them because people of different ages, nations and genders have various needs and preference. Even for the same kind of goods, for example mobile phone, different people have different needs. Females usually focus on the appearance, elders pre fer to long standby time and teenagers intend to pursue high-end configuration and more functions. Thus, with the limit of cost, new products should highlight their different advantages. Similarly, brand names should also cater to target customers to stimulate consumption. Brand names of automobile should reflect the pursuit of speed or safety, for example, the letter Rover in Land Rover, an automobile manufacturer that specialize all-terrain vehicles, is the name of an ancient Nordic nation, representing bravery and riding waives. Volvo is a world-famous automobile manufacturer too and its brand name means rotating wheels, representing moving forward. However, cosmetic brand name should leave people, especially women, feelings of beauty and youth. People always imagine refreshing and cleanliness when they use products of Clean-Clear, and another brand name, Biotherm, shows perfect combination of human and nature, because bio represents human life and therm mineral springs. 2. 3 Common Methods of Brand Name Translation There are some common methods of brand name translation, including transliteration, literal translation, free translation and mixed translation. â€Å"Transliteration is a method which is used often. It refers to write a word, sentence, etc. n the alphabet of a different language on writing system†(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 2136) Many companies adopt transliteration because it can keep the pronunciation and exotic flavor of the original form closely. Some of brand names that adopt transliteration are Nokia as , Motorola as and Adidas as . Literal translation is the rendering of text from one language to another word-for-word and it expresses the meaning of words or characters of brand na me. Therefore, literal translation is the most common because it convey message of brand name directly and keep fidelity of brand name. Apple as , Blackberry as ? 6 ?, and Red Bull as apply literal translation. â€Å"Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original†(Newmark 46). This method maintains the original meaning and achieves fluent and natural expression in TT, but it sacrifices the original form. Free translation has advantages in expressing functions and effects of products and in arousing identification of customers. For instance, Whisper as ? belongs to this method. Mixed translation combines transliteration with literal translation to preserve similarity of meaning and pronunciation. For example, Safeguard as and Head ; Shoulders as . 2. 4 Difficulties in Translating Brand Names The above part presents features of brand name, including conciseness, identification and novelty. When international companies sell their products or services in a foreign country, they usually translate their brand names into the local language because these foreigners are unfamiliar with products or brand names in foreign languages. Thus it is necessary to translate brand names. But translating br and names is more difficult than creating a new brand name because translation not only conforms to these features but also faces the difference of culture. The difference of culture has existed since the beginning of translation. Unlike translation of article, which can explain cultural differences by annotation, translation of brand name has no room for annotation because brand name must be short. Therefore translation of brand name always loses a part of information of the original form such as pronunciation, form and cultural meaning. For example, in China, Lux is translated as which only maintains pronunciation but has nothing to do with effects of product, therefore Chinese customers are unlikely to feel effects of product when they see this Chinese brand name. Like the translation of Lux, that of other brand names usually keeps pronunciation but neglects the cultural meaning. But it is true that some translators abandon cultural meanings deliberately to avo id conflict of culture because of special cultural preference and taboo. Arabs disfavor panda traditionally because panda looks like pig that Allah forbids Islamists to eat in the Quran. In western culture, peacock is 7 greedy and evil animal just as Lord Shen, who is a white peacock and the main villain in Kung Fu Panda 2, therefore peacock should not appear in brand names in western countries. In order to solve problems of the translation of brand names, translators have sought many translation strategies such as homophonic pun, transliteration and paraphrase, and a new concept of translation strategy has appeared since the beginning of 21st century. In the following part, the author will introduce this new concept, zero translation. Chapter 3 Introduction to Zero Translation 3. 1 The Concept of Zero Translation The concept of zero translation was mentioned firstly by Professor Qiu Maoru in 2001. In his article Translatability and Zero Translation, published in Chinese Translators Journal, Professor Qiu brought forward the new item, zero translation. In order to explain this item, he pointed out that zero translation meant translating words in SL without using the ready-existing words in TL and classified it into two kinds. The first one is translating with a deliberate omission of words in SL and the other one is translating without using the ready-existing words in TL. The first kind is used to olve problems of lexical and syntactical differences between two languages and it is called Omission by Zhang Peiji in A Course in English-Chinese Translation. But there is no lexical or syntactical problem in brand name translation because of the limit of length. The other kind includes transference and transliteration. Transliteration maps the sounds of source language to the best matching script of goal language, meaning English words are translated into Chinese characters and they have phonetic connection. Transference is a translation technique that employs foreign words directly in goal language. Professor Qiu thinks that both transliteration and transference belong to zero translation because they use no ready-existing words of TL. In 2001, Liu Mingdong further studied zero translation on the base of result of study of Professor Qiu. Liu divided zero translation into two kinds, absolute and relative zero translation. Absolute zero translation is to use foreign words directly 8 without any change. Both transference and ellipsis belong to this kind. The other kind is to translate original words by using words or characters of goal language with artful change. It contains transliteration, sound-meaning combination translation, complementary translation, image translation and literal translation with notes and adaptation† (Liu 30) Liu realized that it was difficult to find an equal script of TL for all translation actions and that adopting zero translation is unavoidable. Although many scholars have proposed their own opinions on zero translation and had a heated discussio n since the appearance of zero translation, widely accepted methods of zero translation contain transference, transliteration, sound-meaning translation and complementary translation. . 2 The Difference between Zero Translation and Non-translation Zero translation is different from non-translation, which is presented by Du Zhengming. He thinks that non-translation was opposite to translation. Defining zero translation as non-translation, Du stresses that the aim of translation is to convey meaning of original content and transliteration is not a method of translation because transliteration hardly expresses original meaning in TL. In his view, employing the original form of SL without any change belongs to non-translation too. But his viewpoint is not accepted widely. The discussion of zero translation and non-translation refers to that of translatability and untranslatability, which has been debated since May Fourth Movement. Proponents of translatability acknowledge difficulties in translation as the result of cultural differences, but such difficulties can be solved by translators. The task of translator is to achieve better effect of translation by exploring new translation strategies. The idea of proponents of untranslatability is opposite. They emphasize the incommensurability between languages, which means that the information of one language cannot be conveyed fully in another language. What is more difficult than the incommensurability between languages for translators is the incommensurability on culture level and the latter one embodies in the former. They overemphasize deficiency and the uselessness of translation. But they absolutize the cultural 9 difference and something special in one language. Changing and reforming special information in SL are common in practice of translation and such information is only a small part of the context of SL. The fact of translation history for thousands years also refutes the untranslatability. From the above introduction, it is clear that zero translation is different from non-translation because non-translation negates the aim of translation and the practice of translators but zero translation is an effective strategy to cope with untranslatability. In Zero Translation vs. untranslatability: On Essence of Zero Translation, Luo Guoqing stated that untranslatability was paradox and pseudoproposition. â€Å"Translation is cross-linguistic and bidirectional communication. Translators have ability to lead readers into the culture of SL to cognize the item of SL, which is progressive and respective sense of zero translation. â€Å"(Luo 120) In the age of information explosion, workload of translators has increased sharply and they are likely to face more untranslatable items. In such situation, zero translation is a good solution because it can not only prove efficiency but also realize communicational function. Zero translation approaches the original form with no or little change and provides better understanding of cultural meaning of SL for readers than traditional methods do. . 3 Usage of Zero Translation Before the concept of zero translation was proposed, its methods had been adopted in translation of, especially, proper names, abbreviation and words with special cultural meaning. Now, the writer is going to provide some examples of zero translation. 3. 3. 1 Translation of Proper Names Proper names include people’s name, place name, terms and abbreviation. Because of differences of pronunciation and writing system, proper names are more difficult to translate than other words. In TL, there always is no equal part corresponding to words of SL. But they are the most active part of language, thus they 10 will be communication obstacles if they are not translated. The translation of proper names, which should consider SL and keep accuracy, often adopts transference, transliteration and complementary translation. The following part will discuss the translation of people’s name, place name, terms and abbreviation. Terms are professional words in particular areas with characteristics of time and profession. Because their meanings changed with the development of their own areas, translation of them must be accurate and zero translation is the best way to translate them. Examples of transference are DNA, SARS, USB and GPS, and those of transliteration include clone as , gene as and Hertz as . Although these examples look simple, zero translation manages to meet terms’ requirement of accuracy and standardization. In Zero Translation: Translation Strategy of Standardization of Scientific and Technological Terms, Wang Juxiang and Sang Yuanwei concluded that standardization of scientific and technological terms are translated most precisely by zero translation. (Sang, and Wang 35) People’s name and place name contain obvious cultural identity. Place name often indicates geographic feature, products and history of the place. In the past, Chinese names were transliterated on the base of Wade-Giles romanization, which was invented by Thomas Francis Wade, a British diplomat. But the accuracy of Wade-Giles system has weaknesses, for example Peking as and Chingtao as ? ? . With development of Standardization, people’s name and place name are transliterated on the base of Pinyin such as Beijing as . Many translations have been fixed and some of them are Tom as , Alice as , London as . Because of cultural permeation, it is common for people to speak original names without any translation to express their friendliness. Most names are transliterated but some adopt sound-meaning translation, for example Cambridge as and New Delhi as . Such diversification of translation means that translation of name is becoming less strict and the world more open and inclusive. 3. 3. 2 Translation of Abbreviation An abbreviation is â€Å"a short form of a word or expression. â€Å"( Longman Dictionary 11 of Contemporary English 3) Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. It is convenient for people to read and write. For example, people usually do not speak or write Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries but its abbreviation, OPEC. Such words have clear meaning but are too long for communication. They are created with social and scientific progress to meet the need of communication and have been widespread. Such words include ATM, NBA, GDP and VIP, etc. People can translate every word of original form into Chinese characters and results of such translation are correct, but these translations are still too long, for instance , , . Therefore most abbreviations are transferred and some abbreviations are transliterated. Table 1 Translation of Abbreviation Abbreviati Original Form Translation on Zero Method Translation OPEC Organization of Petroleum Transference Exporting Countries OPEC Transliteration WTO World Trade Organization WTO Transference WHO World Health Organization WHO Transference CEO Chief Executive Officer CEO Transference GDP Gross Domestic Product GDP Transference TOEFL Transference TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid ? Transliteration DNA Transference 3. 3. 3 Translation of Words with Cultural Meaning Zero translation is an effective strategy to translate words with unique cultural meaning. Such words, created in the history and tradition of particular group of people, have obvious features of area, history and nation. They are difficult for 12 translators because there is no equal part in TL. For example, people of TL cannot have the same feeling of pe ople of SL when they read or hear Avatar because, in culture of TL, there is no such a god or person like avatar. Thus it is better to adopt transliteration to solve this problem. In translating ancient poems, it is difficult to translate traditional musical instruments such as . This unique instrument always leaves people deep beautiful impression of young women. If it is translated as violin or other western instrument, foreign readers are likely to have incorrect feelings. Thus it is better to translate it as pipa by pinyin. The study of zero translation needs theoretic support. In the following part, the writer is going to analyze zero translation under functionalist theory. Chapter 4 Introduction to Functionalist Translation Theory Traditional translation theories focus on equivalence of text, which means the transmission of message, but neglect functions of translation such as cultural communication. Nida’s theory of dynamic equivalence and that of functional equivalence break the limit of traditional translation theories, but they are inadequate to process cultural elements in ST. In 1970s, functionalist translation theory appeared in Germany and flourished. It deemphasizes the equivalence of text, puts translation action into cross-cultural communication and considers function of translation as the core of theory. There are four people making great contributions to functionalist theory. They are Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Justa HolzManttari and Christiane Nord. This part is going to introduce their studies. 4. 1 Katharina Reiss Reiss proposed a model of translation assessment based on functional relationship between ST and TT in the book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism. She points out that function of text should be a criterion of translation criticism. Her theory adheres to equivalence-based theory and advocates that the ideal translation is the achievement of equivalence of content, language form and 13 ommunicative function. But in practice it is impossible to achieve such equivalence. She is aware of the fact that not all functions of TT are the same as those of ST, and the form of TT is unnecessary to be same as that of ST, which means translation action does not need to achieve equivalence in traditional theories. Thus the function of translation is more important t han equivalence. Translation criticism should depend on the circumstance of text, not on the analysis of features of original text, which takes precedence over traditional theories. She thinks that a text has many functions but only one is dominant and this one controls the whole translation action. The judge of text type helps translators to determine the level of equivalence that should be achieved and to select the proper translation strategy. Reiss divides text types into three kinds, informative text, expressive text and operative text. Brand name belongs to the last kind whose purpose is to lead readers to act in a certain way. â€Å"Therefore, both the content and form are subordinate to the extralinguistic effect that the text is designed to achieve. Operative text translation should be guided by the overall aim of bringing about the same reaction in the audience. â€Å"(Zhang 10) 4. 2 Hans Vermeer Vermeer put forward the most important theory of functionalist theory, Skopos Theory. Skopos is a Greek word, meaning aim or purpose. He thinks that translation, like other human actions, has particular purpose, which is the core of the whole action of translating. Just as his teacher, Reiss, does, he considers that the purpose of translation determines which method should be used. ‘Skopos theory’ focuses above all on the purpose of translation, which determines translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result†(Mundy 97). Skopos theory has three rules, the skopos rule, the coherence rule and the fidelity rule. The skopos rule means the result of translation enables translation of text to realize its functions in the situation it is applied and with people who use it. In other words, the aim of translation determines the action of translation and the result of 14 translation decides selected strategy. The coherence rule, also called intratextual coherence, means that TT must be natural and fluent in TL and be understood by receivers, given the culture and circumstance of them. TT is the transmission of ST, and the content of TT must bear relationship with that of ST. Such relationship is called fidelity. From the above introduction to skopos theory, it is clear that the most element of translation action is addressee. Because receivers’ culture, knowledge and needs determine the method and the strategy of translation. The three rules should be applied in zero translation of brand name. The aim of brand name translation is to keep the flavor of brand name in ST, which is the first rule. The second rule is to make the result of translation acceptable and understandable in culture of TL. The last one, the fidelity rule, preserves features of original brand name as many as possible. Therefore zero translation of brand name must adhere to the three rules. 4. 3 Justa Holz Manttari Manttari further develops functionalist theory and expands the area in which functionalist theory is adoptable. In her theory, translational action is regarded as a complex action designed to meet particular needs. Translation, driven by purpose, is to transfer message with cross-cultural communication. She mainly studies translational action, roles in such action and circumstance in which translational action occurred. 4. 4 Christiane Nord Nord firstly systematizes functionalist approaches and introduces functionalist translation theory comprehensively in her book Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained in 1997. She agrees with the above three scholars’ theories and creates her own theory, function plus loyalty. In her opinion, translators would abandon useless part of ST after they clarify the purpose of translation. She stresses the importance of ST and thinks that translators should be responsible for ST writers, TT addressees and initiators, and such responsibility is 15 loyalty. Loyalty is different from fidelity because fidelity is just the relationship between ST and TT but loyalty is interpersonal relationship among translators, ST writers, TT addressees and initiators. Besides purpose of translation, translators have to reach a balance among other groups. TT must achieve the purpose of translation such as cultural communication and satisfy ST writers, TT addressees and initiators as much as possible. . 5 Zero Translation of Brand Name in the Light of Functionalist Theory According to functionalist translation theory, translation is a purposeful action and different text determines different translation strategy and criteria. Breaking through traditional translation theory, functionalist translation theory emphasizes the importance of function in evaluation and action of translation. In tr anslating brand name, â€Å"it is essential that in the target language the same effect be achieved as the original in the source language†(Reiss 41). As a new kind of translation method, zero translation can achieve functional equivalence furthest. Functions of brand name are transferring information of products and stimulating consumption. Translation of brand name must realize those functions of original brand name. In other words, translation of brand name helps people of TL to understand and accept products by transferring features of products and meaning of original brand name across cultural boundary and to persuade potential consumers to make a purchase. Zero translation is an effective method to translate brand name for following advantages. Zero translation transmits information of brand name with no loss or least loss of original form. It leaves customers of TL the same feelings as SL people have by lead TL customers to understand meaning of brand name in the circumstance of SL. Thus zero translation can preserve functions of SL brand name as much as possible. Another advantage is identification. Because zero translation keeps the form or the pronunciation of brand name in SL, it is easy to avoid confusion. For example, Windows, an operating system developed by Microsoft, once was translated as , but its owner was unwilling to use this translation because ? was likely to mislead Chinese users to consider it as an operating system developed by domestic 16 companies, and customers lost original user experience and feelings. Therefore Microsoft insisted on transferring Windows in China. The next chapter is going to provide some examples of electronic products to prove the applicability of main methods of zero translation such as transference, transliteration and complementary translation. Chapter 5 Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Products People’s lifestyle and working pattern has been changed by electronic products including computer, digital camera and mobile phone, etc. These products bring about convenience and have been necessities for most people. In recent decades, many international companies produce and sell their electronic products in China. In order to compete with domestic products, those international companies apply different translation methods to make their brand names acceptable in China. Some Chinese intend to buy products of foreign brand names because these products signify wealth and taste. In such situations, zero translation keeps form and pronunciation more completely than other translation strategies. The writer finds that zero translation is common in translating brand names of electronic products because zero translation preserves the original flavor of brand name and wins customers’ favor. Transliteration is often applied to translate brand names, which are easy to be pronounced in Chinese and others are translated by transference and complementary translation. 5. 1 Transliteration Many foreign companies are named after its founder or the place where it was founded, and their meanings make no sense in Chinese culture. It is difficult and useless to transmit meaning of those brand names. Therefore transliteration is the best method if their phonetic symbols are similar with pronunciation of Chinese characters. Dell and Nokia belong to this kind. Some brand names reflect the history of company. For example Motorola 17 is the combination of â€Å"motor† and rola. Motor means the company produced cars and rola is the suffix of Victrola, the name of predecessor of Motorola. The literal meaning of such brand name will not help people of TL accept its product because of the lack of cultural ground. It is better to transliterate them to keep the pronunciation. Transliteration is also applied to translate brand name with special meaning. The former name of Sony Corporation was Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation, but it was too long. In 1958, the former name was changed to Sony. The Sony name was created by combining sonus, the original Latin for sonic, meaning sound, with sonny, denoting small size, or a youthful boy. It was chosen for its simple pronunciation th at is the same in any language. The feature of Sony is conciseness and its meaning. But if translators want to express its meaning, TT will be too long and lose its feature. In China, it is transliterated to ? ? , which preserves the conciseness and the pronunciation of Sony. The writer will list more examples of brand name of electronic products. Table 2 Transliteration of Brand Name Brand Name Transliteration Canon Nikon Olympus Casio Leica Philips Alcatel Semheiser Shure 5. 2 Transference Some brand names are difficult to transliteration because of the difference of pronunciation between two languages and to translate their literal meaning with the 18 limit of length or the lack of original feelings. For this kind of brand name, the best translation method is transference. Thinkpad, created by staff of IBM, combines think with pad. The pad is the notepaper used in IBM and the letter think is IBM’s motto printed on the top of the note paper. Because the literal meaning of Thinkpad is ?, which makes no sense in China, it is better to keep its original form. Like the translation of Thinkpad, transference is also applied in translating Android, a mobile operation system developed by Google, Shuffle, a MP3 player produced by Apple, Nexus, a mobile phone designed by Google, and Palm, a mobile phone producer. . 3 Complementary Translation â€Å"Complementary translation in brand name translation is a method by which translated brand name is not only homophonic with the original, but also has specific meaning. † (Zhang 27) It keeps phonetic feature of brand name and change the form of TT with artful skills. For example, the translation of Galaxy, a series of mobile phone d esigned by Samsung, is . The literal translation of Galaxy is , but it cannot express its top status among mobile phones as does. The writer collects fifty foreign brand names of electronic products and analyzes their translation methods. Here is the result of the survey. Table 3 Result of a Survey on Methods of Brand Name Translation Translation Transference Transliteration Number Percentage Literal Free Mixed translation method Complementary translation translation translation 7 24 5 3 5 6 14% 48% 10% 6% 10% 12% Zero translation 72% 19 Conclusion In this thesis, zero translation is divided into two kinds, absolute zero translation and relative zero translation, like Liu Mingdong’s classification, but the former one is transference and the latter covers transliteration and complementary translation. The item, zero translation was brought about following the concept of untranslatability, which is undeniable to some degree because of the difference between culture of SL and TL. The aim of zero translation is to express effects of product and information pf producer in the culture of SL without any loss and zero translation is better than other translation strategy because it shows the cultural meaning in the form of SL. Zero translation focuses on the purpose of translation without the emphasis on equivalence of content, therefore zero translation corresponds the functionalist theory. By analyzing these examples of brand names of electronic products, this thesis proves that zero translation succeeded in meeting requirements of brand translation, thus zero translation is an applicable method in brand translation. 20 Reference 1. Du, Zhengming. [ ], , , (? )2000. . : ?, 2000 2. Holz-Manttari, Justa. Translational Action: Theory and Method. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1984 3. Liu, Mingdong. [ ], ? . ? , 2002,(1): 29-32 4. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2004 5. Luo, Guoqing. [ ]. :. , 2011,(2): 116-120 6. Mundy, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications. London and New York: Routlege 2001 7. Newmark, Peter. A textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2001 8. Nord, Christiane. Translating as a PurposefulActivity-Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001 9. Qiu, Maoru. [ ], ? . ? , 2001,(1): 24-27 10. Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004 11. Sang, Yuanwei; Wang, Juxiang. [ ], : â€Å" †. , 2006(2): 32-35 12. Vermeer, Hans J. Skopos and Translation Commission. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000 13. Zhang, Mengya. [ ], â€Å" â€Å", ? 21 , 2009 22 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my tutor, Professor Liu Shizhu, who is a devoted, professional, resourceful scholar. He has helped me in more than one way during my college study as well as in my thesis writing. He lights the way for me. Thanks to his inspirational ideas, I chose translation of brand name as the thesis theme. In the writing process, he helped me with encouragements and guidance. I should say that without his help, there is no chance that this thesis would be present. In the second place, I would like to thank my family for their care and support for me. There is nothing more valuable to me than the love from family members. I still remember the day when I got stuck on writing the thesis; it is my father’s words encouraged me to look ahead. I should thank my mother for her delicious dishes and I owe a lot to my grandfather. My family has taught me to be a decent person, a person values honor and cares for others. Last but not least, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all those who have helped me make this thesis possible and better. My lovely friends, my cheerful roommates, and the girl I want to spend my life with. They all help me, on the thesis or in my life. 23 24 How to cite Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Product, Papers

Marie Curie A Pioneering Physicist Essay Example For Students

Marie Curie: A Pioneering Physicist Essay Aspirations come from hopes and dreams only a dedicated person canconjure up. They can range from passing the third grade to making the localhigh school football team. Marie Curies aspirations, however, were muchgreater. Life in late 19th century Poland was rough. Being a female in thosedays wasnt a walk in the park either. Marie Curie is recognized in history bythe name she took in her adopted country, France. Born in Poland in 1867, shewas christened Manya Sklodowska. In the year of her birth, Poland was ruled bythe neighboring Russia; no Pole could forget it, or at least anyone involved ineducation, as both Manyas parents were. Manyas mother was a headmistress of agirls school. The Russians insisted that Polish schools teach the Russianlanguage and Russian history. The Poles had to teach their children their ownlanguage and history in secrecy. Manya enjoyed learning but her childhood was always overshadowed bydepression. At the young age of six, her father lost his job and her familybecame very poor. In the same year of 1873, her mother died of tuberculosis. As if that wasnt enough tragedy for the family already, two of her sisters diedof typhus as well. Her oldest sister, Bronya, had to leave school early to takecare of the family. Despite all these hardships and setbacks, Manya continuedto work hard at school. Although her sister Bronya had stopped going to school to act as thefamilys housekeeper, she desperately wanted to go on studying to become adoctor. This was almost impossible in Poland, however. In Poland, women werenot allowed to go to college. Many Poles took the option to flee from Russianrule and live in France; this is exactly what Bronya did.She had set herheart on going to Paris to study at the famous Sorbonne University (TheUniversity of Paris). The only problem now was that she had no money to getthere. Manya and Bronya agreed to help each other attain their educations. Manya got a job as a governess and sent her earnings to support Bronya in Paris. Then, when Bronya could afford it, she would help Manya with her schooling andeducation in return. Manya went to live in a village called Szczuki with afamily called Zorawski. Aside from teaching the two children of the family forseven hours a day, she organized lessons for her own benefit as well. Manyaspent her evenings, late evenings, and even mornings devouring books onmathmatics and science. Bronya finished her studies and married a Polish doctor, Casimir Dluski. They invited Manya to live with them in Paris while she went to college. Manyadidnt want to leave her country and most importantly, her family. Hereagerness for the quest of knowledge overcame her fear of the unknown,nonetheless. She travelled to Paris in an open railroad car on a trip thatlasted three days in the Polish winter. She arrived safely to her long-since-childhood dream, the city of Paris. Manya Sklodowska quickly became Marie. While Marie improved her French, she stayed with Bronya and her husband. They lived more than an hour away from the university. Marie wanted to benearer to her work, so she eventually ended up moving out of her sisters homeand into a single cold damp room, eating only enough to keep her alive. Fortunate enough for a scholarship, Marie was able to go on studying until shehad completed two courses. In her final exam-inations, she came in first inthe subject of mathematics and second in physics. By 1894, at the age of 27,Marie had aquired not one, but two degrees from Frances top university and alsobecame a totally fluent speaker of the French language. Marie had always ruled love and marriage out of her lifes program. Shewas obsessed by her dreams, harassed by poverty, and overdriven by intensivework. Nothing else counted; nothing else existed. She did, however, meet ayoung man every day at Sorbonne and at the laboratory. Marie and her destinyactually met on coincidence. Marie needed somewhere to conduct her experimentsfor research ordered by the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry. The lab at Sorbonne was too crowded with students, in addition to not having theright equipment. A friend of hers suggested a friends labratory. His name wasPierre Curie. Marie soon completed her commitment to her adopted country bymarrying this Frenchman. Marie and Pierre Curie got married in 1895. The two of them combinedprobably made up the best team of scientists ever. Pierre had made importantdiscoveries about magnetism. Marie decided to follow this up by looking at themagnetic properties of steel. In the same year of their marriage, a Germanscientist by the name of Wilhelm Roentgen made an accidental discovery. Hefound that certain substances produced rays of energy that would pass throughsoft materials as opposed to hard materials. Due to the fact that scientistsoften use the symbol x to stand for anything unknown, he called his mysteriousdiscovery the x-ray. The x-ray was more than an ammusing puzzle. By directingx-rays and photographic film at a solid object that consisted of both soft andhard substances a positive image can be made of the hard substance. A primeexample would be the human body. This discovery now made it possible to lookinside the human body without performing surgery. Within the few days of thefindings, x-ray s were used to locate a bullet in a mans leg. The world ofmedicine had acquired a major new tool for examining the sick and injured. The year after Roentgens discovery, a French researcher and a friend ofthe Curies, Antoine Henri Becquerel found that a rare substance called uraniumgave off rays that seemed to be very much like the x-rays that Wilhelm Roentgenhad described. Hamlet In Detail EssayMarie was shattered by the news of her husbands death but soonrecovered the determination to carry on with her work. The French govern-mentproposed to recognize Pierres work to the nation by granting Marie a pentionfor herself and her children. She refused saying, I am young enough to earn myliving and that of my childrenThe Sorbonne agreed with her because The Faculty of Science votedunanimously that she should succceed Pierre as Professor. It was a uniquetribute, for she became not only the first woman professor at Sorbonne but thefirst at any French university. Marie had felt it was her duty to succeed her husband. He had alwayssaid he would have liked to see Marie teach a class at Sorbonne. Marie at lastshowed her final feeling on the matter by the way in which she gave her firstpublic speech lecture to a packed crowd. In the year of 1910, four years after Pierres death, Marie published along account of her discoveries of radioactivity. This led to her being awardeda second Nobel Prize. Not for another fifty years would anyone accomplish sucha remarkable honor. This time, Marie went to Stochholm in Sweden to accept herprize in person. 1911 should have been a year of triumph, but it turned out tobe a awful year of anguish, however. The awarding of Maries second Nobel Prizewas controversal because many say it was given to her out of pity of her husband. That same year, Marie failed by two votes to be elected to be in the Academy ofSciences. Worse yet, some newspapers said that her close friendship with thescientist Paul Langevin was wrong because he was a married man with fourchildren. Marie received many spiteful letters and became distressed. A spell inthe nursing home and a trip to England helped her to recover. Maries real curefor her problems was definitely her work. The Sorbonne at last decided to giveher what she needed to do it properly a special institute for the study ofradium, newly-built on a road renamed in honor of her husband, Rue PierreCurie. Marie was thrilled with this new project and gave it, as her ownpersonal gift, the precious radium she and Pierre had prepared with their ownhands. This radium was precious in every sense. It was vital for furtherscientific research. It was essential for its use in medicine and it was worthmore than a million gold francs. The Radium Institution was finished on July 13, 1914. Less than a weeklater, World War I broke out. Marie gave up all thought of scientific work inher new institute and threw herself behind the cause of her adopted country. Before dedicating herself to the war, Marie made a special trip to Bordeaux, inwestern France and put the precious gram of radium away in a bank vault. Marie donated all her money toward the war efforts including her ownpersonal savings in gold to be melted down. She even offered her medals, butthe bank refused them. Marie quickly saw that there was one service that shecould do for France that no one else could organize a mass x-ray service forthe treatment of wounded soldiers. During the course of the war, Marie, alongwith volunteers, equipped 20 cars as mobile x-ray units and set up more than 200hospital rooms with x-ray equiptment. Over a million men were x-rayed, whichsaved tens of thousands of lives and prevented an untold number of amputations. Between 1916 and 1918, Marie Curie trained 150 people including 20 AmericanExpeditionary Force members in x-ray technology of radiology. After the warended, Marie continued to train radiologists for another two years. Marie disliked reproters and kept away from journalists. One Americanreporter, Mrs. Marie Melaney was persistent. Marie finally gave in to her andagreed to an interview. The two quickly became friends. Mrs. Melaney understoodhow Marie had put aside her scientific work during the war and knew that in thewhole of France there was only one gram of radium that Marie had presented tothe newly-established institute. Mrs. Melaney went back to the United Statesand asked the country for a sum of $100,000 for another gram of radium forMaries research. Marie was widely known and millions dutifully complied. In1921, Marie was invited to the United States to receive her radium. Afterstepping out into the public just once, the world fell in love. She became sort of and ambassador for science, travelling to othercountries, educating as well as still receiving honors. In 1925, the Polishgovernment erected another radium institute, this time in her honor The MarieSklodowska/Curie Institute. The President of Poland laid the first corner stonewhile Marie laid the second. The women of the United States acknowledged her asecond time and collected enough money to produce yet another gram of radium tobe presented to the Polish Institute for its research and treatment program. In may of 1934, Marie Curie was stricken to her bed due to the flu. Being too weak to fight against the virus, she died in a sanitarium in theFrench Alps. She was quietly buried on July 6, 1934 and laid to rest next toher husband Pierre. Marie Curie was a woman of the ages. She represented true humanity inthe pusuit of perfection. Marie found humanitys perfection in chemistry andher work. Loving what she did and devoting herself to the sciences is what madeher happy in the sense that true perfection was found. Category: Science