Prison Overcrowding The United States - 1535 Words

Matthew Fuhrman CRIJ 1306 Dr. Peniston April 20, 2017 Prison Overcrowding The United States has the highest number of incarcerated individuals than other countries. Offenders are arrested every day for minor and major offences such as murder. America is hard on crime. When someone breaks the law the criminal justice’s system seeks an eye for an eye. Prison overcrowding has become a major problem in the United States, it is very expensive to house an inmate and there are other methods to punish offenders without sending them to prison for extended periods of time. The American criminal justice system is hard on crime. It is possible that the American criminal justice system is too hard on crime. People are being sent to prison for minor†¦show more content†¦Magee’s (2016) research has found the following: â€Å"Corporation of America (CCA), the GEO Group, and Management and Training Corp. Private prison companies now house about half of the country s prisoners, up from only about 10% a decade ago. The money thes e companies have spent on lobbying and campaign donations is estimated to be at least $45 million over the last decade† (p. 2). Private prisons make their money by the number of inmates they have incarcerated. This contributes to prison overcrowding and a high amount of inmates incarcerated for low-level offences. The prison population has skyrocketed in the last thirty years. â€Å"In 1985, the total number of people incarcerated in the United States was 481,393 and had an enormous increase in 2015 to 1,476,847† (State-by-State Data, 2017). This disproportionate effect could be related to the increase of technology and the change in culture from one generation to another. It cost approximately $50 dollars a day to house an inmate. This is equivalent to $1,400 per month, which is the cost for a luxury apartment in the state of Texas. A report by the Price of Prisons, states that the cost of incarcerating one inmate in Fiscal 2010 was $31,307 per year. In states like Connecticut, Washington state, New York, it s anywhere from $50,000 to $60,000† (News C, 2012). Criminals who are incarcerated for m inor offences over an extendedShow MoreRelatedPrison Overcrowding And The United States994 Words   |  4 PagesPrison Overcrowding In the United States, there’s two types of incarcerations: jail vs prison and federal vs state. The key difference between all prison systems is the size, location, and quantity of inmates and the crime rate in each area. Overpopulation has been an issue for a while mainly because for the safety for the inmates, the Three Strike Law, and also, society feeling that rehabilitation isn’t what they want for convicted felons. In the future, the system of corrections should decreaseRead MorePrison Overcrowding And The United States1555 Words   |  7 Pagesones.† The prisons in the United States have been overcrowded for many years and require a change in order to fix this. Some of the main causes for prison overcrowding that will be covered in this paper are mass incarceration, long sentencing, recidivism, and prisoners of drug crimes. Overcrowding of prisons in the United States is a major issue that affects not only the prisoners themselves, but taxpayers and politi cians. Although there are many different solutions to prison overcrowding such as buildingRead MorePrison Overcrowding And Its Effects On The United States Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesPer Derek Gilna’s report on Increase in Federal Prison Population, Overcrowding, prisons have become overpopulated throughout a five-year span from 2006 to 2011 (Gilna, page 48). Prison overcrowding has become a plague in the United States for some time now. The US Bureau of Justice Statistics shows more than two-million adults are incarcerated in US federal and state prisons. There are many reasons that prisons are becoming overpopulated but not such a certain cause. To fix the problem, attentionRead MoreThe Effects Of Prison Overcrowding On The United States Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States has the biggest imprisonment rate on the planet, and paying a high cost for it. Detainment strength finished in the mid-1970s when the jail populace expanded from 300,000 to 1.6million detainees, and the imprisonment rate from 100 for each 100,000 to more than 500 for every 100,000. Nonetheless, there is by all accounts little relationship between the wrongdoing rate and the imprisonment rate (Clear et al., 2013). One of the causes of prison overcrowding comes about because of theRead MoreOvercrowding And Its Effects On The United States Prison System1178 Words   |  5 Pages Overcrowding prisons are an issue that has been influencing the United States prison population for decades, however what is the true significance of overcrowding. As indicated by Jeff Bleich (1989) â€Å"the term overcrowding is repetitive, since crowding already refers to a higher level of social density than is desired†. An overcrowded prison is a shocking condition that causes outrage and dissatisfaction among detainees (Haney, 2014). This condition is so undesirable that one can consider it as unconstitutionalRead MoreEssay about American Intervention: Prisons in the United States576 Words   |  3 Pageshelp of our own concerning our prisons. First, we could use help with overcrowding. Next, minor flaws in our justice system that contribute to overcrowding. Finally, the condition of some of our prisons don’t make them seem like they are not prisons at all. In the United States, prison overcrowding is caused by many issues. These include not enough room in prisons, increasing crime rates, and changes in the justice system’s laws. Causes of prison overcrowding may include: double-celling, prisonerRead MorePrison Overcrowding Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pages Prison Overcrowding Nicole Neal American Intercontinental University Abstract This research paper is to explore the impact of prison overcrowding. The United States has a, what seems to be everlasting, prison overcrowding problem. Not only does the United States have this dilemma, but also many other countries have overcrowded prisons as well. Many issues need to be addressed; ways to reduce the prison populations and how to effectively reduce prison cost withoutRead MoreTheu.s. State Prison System965 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem in the Unites State Prison system because of overcrowding. First I am going to talk about what cause the overcrowding in the Prison system. After that I will talk what are the affect we are facing now days for overcrowding in the prison system. Than what should we do to stop prison to get overcrowding and how is going to help out society. Now we going to talk about the reason why our prison is overcrowding in the United State. According to (â€Å"What Causes Overcrowding,† 2011) the first mainRead MoreEffects Of Prison Overcrowding1345 Words   |  6 Pagesthat prison overcrowding causes towards the inmates and the guards. I will first address the issue of violence that prison overcrowding causes. My next point will be the health of the inmates discussing both their physical and mental while in overcrowded prisons. Lastly I will discuss the physical and mental health of the correctional officers and how the job could lead to correctional officers having issues in their private life. Prison Overcrowding has become a major issue in the United StatesRead MoreThe Overcrowding Of The Correctional Facilities1730 Words   |  7 Pagesthreat to maintaining this balance is the overcrowding of prisons. In 2011, the United States Supreme Court ruled that massive overcrowding of California prisons violates its prisoner’s eighth amendment right protecting them from cruel and unusual punishment (Boylan, 2015, p. 558). At the time California’s correctional institutions were at double their capacity, housing over 155, 500 prisoners in only 33 institutions (Specter, 2010, p. 194). The overcrowding of correctional facilities is one of the

Type Of Article Original Writing Essay - 1848 Words

Type of article: Original Name of the Author - Fahad Abdullah Al-Wadaani Department(s) and institution(s) Associate Professorin Ophthalmology , king Faisal University Medical College, Al ahsa, E mail address : tanyaata@yahoo.com Principal Authors Previous publications: 1. Extraocular muscle pthway displacement in myopic strabismus fixus, Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 2006 vol. 43(5) page 320 2. Infected epithelial inclusion cyst mimicking subconjunctival abscess after strabismus surgery, J AAPOS. 2007 Mar 23 3. T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia presenting as red eye, Middle East Afr J Ophthalmology, 4. A forecast of ophthalmology practice trends in saudi arabia: a survey of junior residents, Middle east afr j ophthalmology Total number of pages: 7 Total number of Tables: 6 Words count : 3807 Total Number of Figures : nil Source(s) of support: Ministry of Health , Saudi Arabia Presentation at a meeting:Nil Organisation: King Faisal University Medical College Place: Al Ahsa Date : 6-09-2016 Conflicting Interest (If present, give more details) Nil Nursing Students Perceived Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices concerning ocular complications of diabetes Abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to assess the perceived knowledge, attitude and practice of the final year nursing students of King Faisal University nursing college towards diabetic ocular disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional survey was conducted in KingShow MoreRelatedA Report On Nars Style, Format, And Documentation945 Words   |  4 PagesHandbook for Writers of Research Papers offers complete and detailed guidance on NARS style, and there are many resources on the Internet that explain NARS style. Below is a primer of some of the most frequent and basic rules that pertain to the writing with NARS. Seek out other sources if the information below does not include what you need. NARS Format Your formal papers for this course should include or use: ï‚ § The following information in the upper left corner of the first page: your nameRead MoreCritique Of The Defense Of Cover Songs1637 Words   |  7 Pagessnowballing from the past that a cover song is merely a copy or rip off of the original. This dilemma is discussed in an article Don Cusic, who has taught courses in the music business industry since 1982 and is known as a pioneer of music business education. Cusic’s other accomplishments and credibility come from being a historian of country music, a scholar and writer known worldwide, and an author of over 209 books and 500 articles (Belmont University). The reason that cover songs are an important discussionRead MorePlagiarism: These Words Are Not Yours. Eddie N Hudson,1341 Words   |  6 PagesHudson, Jr. Augusta University Abstract Plagiarism is a word that is introduced as early as elementary school. Students are encouraged when writing research papers to use their own words. The rough draft is marked with the stains of red ink and a comment saying â€Å"these words are not yours.† This paper will give you a definition and different types of plagiarism. You will also be provided with steps to prevent plagiarism. Citations are an important element for producing research papers thereforeRead MoreJournal Entry : Summary And Articles1402 Words   |  6 Pagessummarizing. Each journal entry is about different chapters but when writing these entries, it gives a good understanding of each of the chapters and what specifically we have learned from the chapters. Summarizing is used throughout your career and in every aspect of your life while you read anything. People summarize topics and articles all the time. In my opinion, I feel reading a summery is easily and faster than reading an entire book article . You can get a good and core understand of any topic quicklyRead MoreDifferences Between The Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe Articles of Confederation and the Constitution are two different types of Government. There are many differences between the two, for example, the Articles of Confederation were made for the original 13 colonies. The constitution was made for the United States of America. The Articles of Confederation were the first set of Government rules. The Articles of Confederation were written on November 15, 1777. They were written by John Dickinson, and there were many other drafts written at the timeRead MoreThe Problem Of Cover Songs1694 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past that a cover song is merely a copy or rip off of the original. This dilemma is discussed in an article by a man named Don Cusic, who has taught courses in the music business industry since the year of 1982 and is known as a pioneer in music business education. Cusic’s other accomplishments and credibility come from being an historian on country music, a scholar and writer known worldwide, author of over 209 books and 500 articles, and having appeared on CMT programs, TNN shows, and two BBCRead MoreCommon Grammar Mistakes . While Speaking, People Might891 Words   |  4 Pagesstructures, especially for foreigners. The errors would continue to the written language. Hence, in this paper, I will discuss some grammatical errors of three papers from student paper 3, 5 and 10. The types of paper are different from each other, such as journal, summary and critique. Since different paper types have different structures and expressive methods, it is more precise to discover the common mistakes made by students through different essays. The most common grammar mistakes include punctuationRead MoreUnderstanding Plagiarism Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pagesrepresentation of them as one’s own original work, as by not crediting the author.† In the article, What is Plagiarism?, the author give four definitions for the word plagiarize, â€Å"(1) to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own, (2) to use (another’s production) without crediting the source, (3) to commit literary theft, (4) to present as new and original an ideal or product derived from an existing source.† All of this goes to say when writing a paper or report i f you are goingRead MoreTalk Show Example Script1534 Words   |  7 Pagessentence with the same meaning but using different words. Paraphrasing is a very important skill for most English tests, including TOEFL iBT, IELTS and TOEIC Speaking and Writing. In TOEFL iBT, for instance, paraphrasing is an important skill in the reading section, in the listening section and, above all, in the speaking and writing sections of the test. Here is a quick example of paraphrasing using a phrase from the paragraph above: 1. Paraphrasing is a very important skill for most English testsRead MoreEssay on Plagiarism1301 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of anothers words without attribution and without enclosing the words in quotation marks. Plagiarism may also be defined as the act of taking the ideas or expressions of ideas of another person and representing them as ones own--even if the original paper has been paraphrased or otherwise modified.† (â€Å"Department of Nursing† ) A lot of people, including myself have been confused of what plagiarism really means. Through my research I found that there are many different kinds of plagiarism and

The Issue Of Concern Warrantless Gps Devices A Violation...

Police Officer take an oath promising to obey and respect all constitutional rights of citizens of USA. Somewhere along the lines, a few forget the oath and end up violating some of those rights. This paper present a few violations of rights under the US Constitution scenario; furthermore, it will also attempt to explain the outcomes. First Issue of concern: Warrantless GPS Devices a violation of the Fourth Amendment Summary of Facts Despite not obtaining a warrant or following instructions from the Sheriff to hold off, Officer Renegade placed a GPS device on a suspect’s car to monitor the vehicle for 10 days; he had suspicions that the subject would pick up a significant large quantity of†¦show more content†¦Arguments Presented by Each Side a) Officer Renegade: Believe he was acting in good faith and his actions were within legal authority. b) Criminal Lawyer: Alleges a violation of his client’s Fourth Amendment Right of the US Constitution that protect the public from an illegal search and seizure. The lawyer claims that placing a warrantless GPS in his client’s vehicle does not give the court legal probable cause to search his client’s residency; therefore, evidence collected should not be admissible in a court of law. c) Saint Leo County Sheriff: Officer Renegade placed the GPS without authorization of the Sheriff Department. Applicable Law Fourth Amendment Right protects American citizens, person, homes, documents, and belongings, against unreasonable searches and seizures. This right should not be violated, and no warrants should be issued without probable cause. Probable cause must be supported by evidences, and must describe the place to be searched and information on the persons or things to be seize (Legal Information Institute , 2015). Suspect (unknown name), is seeking to suppress drug evidence seized in his residence that could lead to an indictment for trafficking drugs. The warrant to search the house was based on evidence obtained through the installation of a warrantless GPS device to his vehicle. In the case of State v. Johnson 2011-0033, evidence collected through a warrantless GPS led to

Problems Faced By The Public School System - 1135 Words

Issue and importance There is widespread discrimination within the public school system, due to differences in funding for schools. Children who attend schools in poor communities are receiving less funding while the opposite is true of wealthy children. This situation is resulting in a glass ceiling effect that stops poor children from pursuing a higher education. A lack of quality education results in a population that fails to overcome the boundaries that maintain them within a chain of poverty. As a result this lack of opportunity results in a social welfare problem. We are left with a disenfranchised population that needs help to survive day to day difficulties. If education is key to overcoming poverty not enough is being done to help children succeed. Poor children need extra funding to succeed in school. It is irrational to expect children living in poverty to pursue happiness when they must overcome obstacles at home as well as at school. There is great need to provide all children equal education and prevent discrimination. History of Public Schools Providing an equal education was the main idea behind the public school system. Dating back to colonial times in America, we can trace the idea that the puritans established when they passed the â€Å"old Deluder Satan Act, which stated that all towns of 50 Families or more people had to establish an elementary school and towns of 100 or also needed a grammar school† (Guisepi, R, The History of Education, n.d.).Show MoreRelatedHorace Mann s The Father Of Common School946 Words   |  4 Pagesmany contributes to the education system. In 1837, the first ever Massachusetts state board of education was formed and Mann was chosen secretary. This was the beginning of a progressive movement in public education, this movement was often referred to as the Common School Movement. It began in the 1830’s and social reformers pushed for a more developed, tax-funded, secular public school system. Though Horace Mann was known as â€Å"The Father of Common School,† he faced many challenges in society duringRead MoreMy Motivation For A Student865 Words   |  4 PagesMy main motivation to be a CCM student was the fact that I am a high school senior, and it would make me a challenger student. This is good for college applications. Also, since I am taking college level courses, I can transfer the credits I earn here to the college I plan on attending next year. Aside from these factors, I personally thought it would be a good opportunity to see what college is like and to get a feel for what I like and dislike about college life. Mills’ Theory can be describedRead MoreViolence and Education; School Safety937 Words   |  4 PagesViolence and Education: School Safety The most recent shooting at the elementary school located in Newtown, Connecticut have shifted our focus on the question of whether or not we are doing enough to protect our students in our schools across the nation. Every morning, parents send their children to school every morning trusting that they will be returning home the same day, but as we all know that isnt always the case for some. The tragedies that have taken place show that we need to pay moreRead MoreNative Underachievement in Canadian Schools Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesNative Underachievement in Canadian Schools A comparison of native students and their non-native peers quickly brings one to the realization that native students are not experiencing a comparable degree of education success in Canadian schools. It is vital that native Canadians address this issue thoroughly, to insure that the nation is no longer faced with a semi-literate, unemployable population, requiring financial support. In order to fully address native educational underachievement itRead MoreBecoming High Turnover Rates Among Teachers1335 Words   |  6 PagesDefinition of the Problem Higher education has been experiencing high turnover rates among teachers. According to Gonzalez and Brown (2008), the NEA (National Education Association) reported that 20% of recently hired teachers will leave the profession within the first three years (Gonzalez Brown, 2008). In urban areas, however, 50% of teachers will leave the classroom within the same timeframe (p. 2). This is due to low wages, personal dissatisfaction, and emotional/social factors (p.2). SuchRead More Cultural Diversity Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesat both public and private school systems. She suggested students achieve greater results in an environment in which competition and different religious and cultural backgrounds exist. (Rees 93). Although students may have a different religion, culture, race and socio-economic level, they all deserve an equally outstanding education. There is a national attempt to give parents the option of a public or a private education for their youngsters. There is als o such a thing as a Voucher System. In PUBLICRead MoreRace, Culture, And Socioeconomic Status1169 Words   |  5 Pagespart in the education a child receives and how a teacher’s career is also impacted. Like many others I assume, education is something that we all receive and never think about it in great detail. For me going to school each day was just a routine and the end goal was to graduate high school and go onto college, always thinking that it was that easy for all others. Not until now have I discovered that it is not that easy and that there are many obstacles in the way of a good education. The SeparateRead MoreThe Education Of Higher Education1605 Words   |  7 Pagesrealize that the idea of Higher Education does not swab away the realism of this materialistic world: higher education cannot simply satisfy everyone. Three distinctive educational models, public universities, non-profit private universities and for-profit universities, demonstrate the complex dynamic among schools, government and students. Although the three educational models share different education philosophy and serve multiple objectives, they all have the same purpose in the end: to help oneRead MoreFrom Juvenile Justice School To Prison Pipeline Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesIn the most recent years, the relationship between educational institutions and the juvenile justice system, which was once created to protect children, has displayed an ultimatum for minors through â€Å"zero tolerance† policies that result in sending individuals from school to prison to pipeline. Studies have show n that these policies are not beneficial to students or the educational environment that should be guaranteed to children. Opponents argue that the policies promote safety, but through thisRead MoreEssay on American Education in the 1800s725 Words   |  3 Pagesthe educational system in place was disorganized and had several large problems that had to be overcome. The task of correcting the many problems that faced education in the early 1800’s required the genius of many men to correct. Perhaps the largest problem facing early American schools was the lack of training undergone by the teachers of the time. Teachers were often untrained and unprepared, acting more as babysitters and less as instructors. Schoolhouses also posed a problem; many were small

Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Product Free Essays

Brand name translation is important for these companies to make their products acceptable in China. But brand name translation is more difficult than translation of other text types because of its features and functions. Among all translation theories, functionalist translation theory, proposed in Germany in 1970s, breaks through traditional translation theories and focuses on functions of translation action. We will write a custom essay sample on Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Product or any similar topic only for you Order Now It provides zero translation with theoretic support. Zero translation is appropriate for brand name translation because zero translation emphasizes the effect of translation. This thesis is going to introduce the difficulty of brand name translation, zero translation and functionalist translation theory with many examples of electronic product brand name to prove that zero translation is an effective method for translating brand name. Key words: Zero translation; Functionalist translation theory; brand name; electronic products I , , , ,20 70 , , : ; ; ; II Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Product Introduction During recent decades, China has become one of the largest markets in the world, and all international companies sell their products and services in China, including electronic products. In order to increase sales in China, many companies translate their brand names in Chinese to help Chinese consumers recognize and accept their products. However, there are many difficulties in translating brand names. On one hand, brand names and their translations must be informative and concise. On the other hand, there are unavoidable differences between the culture of SL and that of TL. Equivalence-based theory focuses on the translation and the equivalence of content. But if the translation of brand name is simple, it often cannot express the cultural meaning of brand name in SL or the characteristics of products, and users of TL cannot understand the brand’s meaning or imagine the product’s characteristics as users of SL do. If the translation of brand name expresses the cultural meaning of SL fully, it usually cannot be simple and easy to be memorized. Thus, how to translate brand names is difficult. In 1970s, functionalist theory was put forward and it emphasized the purpose of translation rather than the equivalence of content. The purpose of brand translation is to transmit the information of products such as advantages of products and the culture of company to domestic consumers. In consideration of conciseness and cultural differences, many brand names are translated with transliteration and transference. In 2001, Professor Qiu Maoru brought about a new term, zero translation, after the study of non-translation by Professor Du Zhengming in 2000. In the view of Qiu, zero translation includes omission, transliteration and transference. In recent years, some studies have proved that zero translation is an effective method of brand name translation and it agrees with the functionalist translation theory. Since 1970s, with the development of technology, a large number of electronic products, such as computers, mobile phones, digital 1 cameras, have been developed and produced, and they have succeeded in changing people’s life style and work pattern. This thesis is going to prove that zero translation is an applicable method of brand name translation by providing some typical examples and by analyzing the usage of zero translation in brand translation. Chapter 1 Literature Review 1. 1 Study of Du Zhengming Professor Du Zhengming defines zero translation as non-translation and he thinks that not only transferring the original form of SL into TL is a kind of non-translation but also transliteration is a kind of non-translation because non-translation is the opposite of translation and because translation is to translate meanings. Du negates zero translation as a special method of translation, and it was unacceptable by others that his concept of zero translation covered transliteration and non-translation. 1. 2 Study of Qiu Maoru In 2001, Professor Qiu Maoru published an article named Translatability and Zero Translation in Chinese Translators Journal and brought forward the item, zero translation. â€Å"Zero translation means translating words in SL without using the ready-existing words in TL. It includes two meanings: 1. translating with a deliberate omission of words in SL; 2. ranslating without using the ready-existing words in TL. † (Qiu 26) It is the first time that zero translation appears and triggers more debates on the definition of zero translation. But the omission should not be considered as a kind of zero translation because it is different from transference and transliteration. The omission is used to keep briefness without losing cultural meaning of SL, but the other two are applied for avoiding losing cultural meaning, therefore the purpose of omission is different from those of the other two methods. 1. Study of Liu Mingdong 2 In 2002, Liu Mingdong divided zero translation into two kinds, absolute zero translation and relative zero translation on the base of the study of Qiu. The absolute zero translation means direct usage of original form in SL and it includes ellipsis and transference. Relative zero translation is to express words of SL with the appropriate usage of words in TL and it includes transliteration, sound-meaning combination translation, complementary translation, image translation, literal translation with notes and adaptation. Although Liu developed the concept of zero translation, he still did not clarify the definition of zero translation. 1. 4 Study of Zhang Mengya In 2011, Zhang Mengya, in an article discussing brand zero translation, divided zero translation into two kinds, narrow zero translation and general zero translation. The former is transference and the latter contains transliteration and complementary translation. She further analyzed zero translation under the functionalist translation theory and thought that zero translation of brand name helped companies express their spirit based on the consumers’ cultural habits. Although the definition of zero translation is still unclear, translators have accepted the concept of zero translation and take it as a common translation strategy. This thesis will not focus on the definition or the classification of zero translation and it will analyze the usage of zero translation in brand name translati on to prove the applicability of zero translation. Chapter 2 Introduction to Brand Name In the modern society, the world has unprecedented prosperity of economy, which embodies the improvement of living standard, the decrease of unemployment and the production of various commodities. Meanwhile, competition is so fierce that all companies seek their own advantages to expand sales. Some companies with long history and virtue of excellent quality regard brand name as a significant advantage because it symbolizes recognition and faith of customers. What is brand name or trade 3 mark? â€Å"‘Brand name’ is the name given to a product by the company that makes it† (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 207) Brand name is a distinctive sign that help customers distinguish or identify particular products or services which produced or provided by a specific person, enterprise or a group of persons or enterprises. For example, in 1972, in order to change its brand name to a special one, Standard Oil Company in New Jersey spent million dollars and hired hundreds of people and they managed to discover a group of letters, Exxon, which had been never used in any language on Earth and thus would avoid ambiguity. When people see Exxon now, only Exxon Oil Company appears in their minds because Exxon has no other meaning but Exxon Oil Company and it is easy to be distinguished. This example shows some features of brand names such as conciseness, identification and novelty. In the following part, the author will discuss features of brand names. 2. 1 Features of Brand Name: Conciseness, Identification and Novelt y Brand name helps consumers to distinguish its products or services from others’, therefore it must be so easy to be recognized that people are likely to notice its products among products of the same kind, in other words, brand name must be concise and distinctive. Identification helps people to be aware of differences between different products. For example, brand names of mobile products of Apple Company include iPhone, iPad, iPod and iTouch and the company plans to produce a television called iTV. It is easy to recognize products of Apple Company because their brand names begin with the letter I, and even some people think of Apple Company when they see any sign beginning with the letter I. Brand name should be short because it is hard to be remembered if it is too long. It is undeniable that a long brand name leave people deep impression, but they can hardly distinguish it from similar ones. Because some shorter ones are imitated, for instance Hike imitates Nike and Kuma imitates Puma, let alone longer ones. Brand names are supposed to leave people deep impression as long as possible and some particular brand names always appear in their mind when they want to buy something. Novelty is a feature of brand name and it can not only avoid ambiguity just as the example of Exxon shows but also offer 4 people pleasant feeling and fresh impression. Nokia adopts Lumia as its next series of Window Phone because Lumia is easy to be pronounced in all languages and has no negative meaning in any culture. . 2 Functions of Brand Name As mentioned above, brand names are concise and novelty, as a way of identification. Those features are met to suit the functions of brands. 2. 2. 1 Informative Function Brand name is directly linked to product, showing people their features. But brand name usually shows only one of their features of product because it is short. Some brand names come from the location or the main founder of company. For example, BMW, the world-famous automobile brand, is the abbreviation of Bavarian Motor Works, which shows that the company is located in Bavaria. Nokia, one of the largest handset manufacturers in the world, is just the name of the small town in Finland where the company was created in 1865. Goodyear, the third largest tire maker, is named after Charles Goodyear, the inventor of vulcanized rubber. Sennheiser, the famous audio equipment manufacturer, is named after its founder, Fritz Sennheiser. Some others show the quality or the cultural meaning of product such as the effect of products and the goal of purchase. For example, Lux, a soap brand name owned by Unilever, stresses the effect of the soap, which lusters the skin, because the letter lux shares the same root word with the letter luster and it is the unit of illuminance. Pampers, the most famous brand of baby diapers owned by P;G, reflects the love from parents to children. These brands named after people and location have little cultural meaning and they just show the history or information of company. But others are created on the base of culture and their results of translation are meaningless if they are transmitted without the ground of culture. . 2. 2 Stimulating Consumption When a company launches new products, it must consider and identify target 5 customers to meet the particular need of them because people of different ages, nations and genders have various needs and preference. Even for the same kind of goods, for example mobile phone, different people have different needs. Females usually focus on the appearance, elders pre fer to long standby time and teenagers intend to pursue high-end configuration and more functions. Thus, with the limit of cost, new products should highlight their different advantages. Similarly, brand names should also cater to target customers to stimulate consumption. Brand names of automobile should reflect the pursuit of speed or safety, for example, the letter Rover in Land Rover, an automobile manufacturer that specialize all-terrain vehicles, is the name of an ancient Nordic nation, representing bravery and riding waives. Volvo is a world-famous automobile manufacturer too and its brand name means rotating wheels, representing moving forward. However, cosmetic brand name should leave people, especially women, feelings of beauty and youth. People always imagine refreshing and cleanliness when they use products of Clean-Clear, and another brand name, Biotherm, shows perfect combination of human and nature, because bio represents human life and therm mineral springs. 2. 3 Common Methods of Brand Name Translation There are some common methods of brand name translation, including transliteration, literal translation, free translation and mixed translation. â€Å"Transliteration is a method which is used often. It refers to write a word, sentence, etc. n the alphabet of a different language on writing system†(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 2136) Many companies adopt transliteration because it can keep the pronunciation and exotic flavor of the original form closely. Some of brand names that adopt transliteration are Nokia as , Motorola as and Adidas as . Literal translation is the rendering of text from one language to another word-for-word and it expresses the meaning of words or characters of brand na me. Therefore, literal translation is the most common because it convey message of brand name directly and keep fidelity of brand name. Apple as , Blackberry as ? 6 ?, and Red Bull as apply literal translation. â€Å"Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original†(Newmark 46). This method maintains the original meaning and achieves fluent and natural expression in TT, but it sacrifices the original form. Free translation has advantages in expressing functions and effects of products and in arousing identification of customers. For instance, Whisper as ? belongs to this method. Mixed translation combines transliteration with literal translation to preserve similarity of meaning and pronunciation. For example, Safeguard as and Head ; Shoulders as . 2. 4 Difficulties in Translating Brand Names The above part presents features of brand name, including conciseness, identification and novelty. When international companies sell their products or services in a foreign country, they usually translate their brand names into the local language because these foreigners are unfamiliar with products or brand names in foreign languages. Thus it is necessary to translate brand names. But translating br and names is more difficult than creating a new brand name because translation not only conforms to these features but also faces the difference of culture. The difference of culture has existed since the beginning of translation. Unlike translation of article, which can explain cultural differences by annotation, translation of brand name has no room for annotation because brand name must be short. Therefore translation of brand name always loses a part of information of the original form such as pronunciation, form and cultural meaning. For example, in China, Lux is translated as which only maintains pronunciation but has nothing to do with effects of product, therefore Chinese customers are unlikely to feel effects of product when they see this Chinese brand name. Like the translation of Lux, that of other brand names usually keeps pronunciation but neglects the cultural meaning. But it is true that some translators abandon cultural meanings deliberately to avo id conflict of culture because of special cultural preference and taboo. Arabs disfavor panda traditionally because panda looks like pig that Allah forbids Islamists to eat in the Quran. In western culture, peacock is 7 greedy and evil animal just as Lord Shen, who is a white peacock and the main villain in Kung Fu Panda 2, therefore peacock should not appear in brand names in western countries. In order to solve problems of the translation of brand names, translators have sought many translation strategies such as homophonic pun, transliteration and paraphrase, and a new concept of translation strategy has appeared since the beginning of 21st century. In the following part, the author will introduce this new concept, zero translation. Chapter 3 Introduction to Zero Translation 3. 1 The Concept of Zero Translation The concept of zero translation was mentioned firstly by Professor Qiu Maoru in 2001. In his article Translatability and Zero Translation, published in Chinese Translators Journal, Professor Qiu brought forward the new item, zero translation. In order to explain this item, he pointed out that zero translation meant translating words in SL without using the ready-existing words in TL and classified it into two kinds. The first one is translating with a deliberate omission of words in SL and the other one is translating without using the ready-existing words in TL. The first kind is used to olve problems of lexical and syntactical differences between two languages and it is called Omission by Zhang Peiji in A Course in English-Chinese Translation. But there is no lexical or syntactical problem in brand name translation because of the limit of length. The other kind includes transference and transliteration. Transliteration maps the sounds of source language to the best matching script of goal language, meaning English words are translated into Chinese characters and they have phonetic connection. Transference is a translation technique that employs foreign words directly in goal language. Professor Qiu thinks that both transliteration and transference belong to zero translation because they use no ready-existing words of TL. In 2001, Liu Mingdong further studied zero translation on the base of result of study of Professor Qiu. Liu divided zero translation into two kinds, absolute and relative zero translation. Absolute zero translation is to use foreign words directly 8 without any change. Both transference and ellipsis belong to this kind. The other kind is to translate original words by using words or characters of goal language with artful change. It contains transliteration, sound-meaning combination translation, complementary translation, image translation and literal translation with notes and adaptation† (Liu 30) Liu realized that it was difficult to find an equal script of TL for all translation actions and that adopting zero translation is unavoidable. Although many scholars have proposed their own opinions on zero translation and had a heated discussio n since the appearance of zero translation, widely accepted methods of zero translation contain transference, transliteration, sound-meaning translation and complementary translation. . 2 The Difference between Zero Translation and Non-translation Zero translation is different from non-translation, which is presented by Du Zhengming. He thinks that non-translation was opposite to translation. Defining zero translation as non-translation, Du stresses that the aim of translation is to convey meaning of original content and transliteration is not a method of translation because transliteration hardly expresses original meaning in TL. In his view, employing the original form of SL without any change belongs to non-translation too. But his viewpoint is not accepted widely. The discussion of zero translation and non-translation refers to that of translatability and untranslatability, which has been debated since May Fourth Movement. Proponents of translatability acknowledge difficulties in translation as the result of cultural differences, but such difficulties can be solved by translators. The task of translator is to achieve better effect of translation by exploring new translation strategies. The idea of proponents of untranslatability is opposite. They emphasize the incommensurability between languages, which means that the information of one language cannot be conveyed fully in another language. What is more difficult than the incommensurability between languages for translators is the incommensurability on culture level and the latter one embodies in the former. They overemphasize deficiency and the uselessness of translation. But they absolutize the cultural 9 difference and something special in one language. Changing and reforming special information in SL are common in practice of translation and such information is only a small part of the context of SL. The fact of translation history for thousands years also refutes the untranslatability. From the above introduction, it is clear that zero translation is different from non-translation because non-translation negates the aim of translation and the practice of translators but zero translation is an effective strategy to cope with untranslatability. In Zero Translation vs. untranslatability: On Essence of Zero Translation, Luo Guoqing stated that untranslatability was paradox and pseudoproposition. â€Å"Translation is cross-linguistic and bidirectional communication. Translators have ability to lead readers into the culture of SL to cognize the item of SL, which is progressive and respective sense of zero translation. â€Å"(Luo 120) In the age of information explosion, workload of translators has increased sharply and they are likely to face more untranslatable items. In such situation, zero translation is a good solution because it can not only prove efficiency but also realize communicational function. Zero translation approaches the original form with no or little change and provides better understanding of cultural meaning of SL for readers than traditional methods do. . 3 Usage of Zero Translation Before the concept of zero translation was proposed, its methods had been adopted in translation of, especially, proper names, abbreviation and words with special cultural meaning. Now, the writer is going to provide some examples of zero translation. 3. 3. 1 Translation of Proper Names Proper names include people’s name, place name, terms and abbreviation. Because of differences of pronunciation and writing system, proper names are more difficult to translate than other words. In TL, there always is no equal part corresponding to words of SL. But they are the most active part of language, thus they 10 will be communication obstacles if they are not translated. The translation of proper names, which should consider SL and keep accuracy, often adopts transference, transliteration and complementary translation. The following part will discuss the translation of people’s name, place name, terms and abbreviation. Terms are professional words in particular areas with characteristics of time and profession. Because their meanings changed with the development of their own areas, translation of them must be accurate and zero translation is the best way to translate them. Examples of transference are DNA, SARS, USB and GPS, and those of transliteration include clone as , gene as and Hertz as . Although these examples look simple, zero translation manages to meet terms’ requirement of accuracy and standardization. In Zero Translation: Translation Strategy of Standardization of Scientific and Technological Terms, Wang Juxiang and Sang Yuanwei concluded that standardization of scientific and technological terms are translated most precisely by zero translation. (Sang, and Wang 35) People’s name and place name contain obvious cultural identity. Place name often indicates geographic feature, products and history of the place. In the past, Chinese names were transliterated on the base of Wade-Giles romanization, which was invented by Thomas Francis Wade, a British diplomat. But the accuracy of Wade-Giles system has weaknesses, for example Peking as and Chingtao as ? ? . With development of Standardization, people’s name and place name are transliterated on the base of Pinyin such as Beijing as . Many translations have been fixed and some of them are Tom as , Alice as , London as . Because of cultural permeation, it is common for people to speak original names without any translation to express their friendliness. Most names are transliterated but some adopt sound-meaning translation, for example Cambridge as and New Delhi as . Such diversification of translation means that translation of name is becoming less strict and the world more open and inclusive. 3. 3. 2 Translation of Abbreviation An abbreviation is â€Å"a short form of a word or expression. â€Å"( Longman Dictionary 11 of Contemporary English 3) Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. It is convenient for people to read and write. For example, people usually do not speak or write Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries but its abbreviation, OPEC. Such words have clear meaning but are too long for communication. They are created with social and scientific progress to meet the need of communication and have been widespread. Such words include ATM, NBA, GDP and VIP, etc. People can translate every word of original form into Chinese characters and results of such translation are correct, but these translations are still too long, for instance , , . Therefore most abbreviations are transferred and some abbreviations are transliterated. Table 1 Translation of Abbreviation Abbreviati Original Form Translation on Zero Method Translation OPEC Organization of Petroleum Transference Exporting Countries OPEC Transliteration WTO World Trade Organization WTO Transference WHO World Health Organization WHO Transference CEO Chief Executive Officer CEO Transference GDP Gross Domestic Product GDP Transference TOEFL Transference TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid ? Transliteration DNA Transference 3. 3. 3 Translation of Words with Cultural Meaning Zero translation is an effective strategy to translate words with unique cultural meaning. Such words, created in the history and tradition of particular group of people, have obvious features of area, history and nation. They are difficult for 12 translators because there is no equal part in TL. For example, people of TL cannot have the same feeling of pe ople of SL when they read or hear Avatar because, in culture of TL, there is no such a god or person like avatar. Thus it is better to adopt transliteration to solve this problem. In translating ancient poems, it is difficult to translate traditional musical instruments such as . This unique instrument always leaves people deep beautiful impression of young women. If it is translated as violin or other western instrument, foreign readers are likely to have incorrect feelings. Thus it is better to translate it as pipa by pinyin. The study of zero translation needs theoretic support. In the following part, the writer is going to analyze zero translation under functionalist theory. Chapter 4 Introduction to Functionalist Translation Theory Traditional translation theories focus on equivalence of text, which means the transmission of message, but neglect functions of translation such as cultural communication. Nida’s theory of dynamic equivalence and that of functional equivalence break the limit of traditional translation theories, but they are inadequate to process cultural elements in ST. In 1970s, functionalist translation theory appeared in Germany and flourished. It deemphasizes the equivalence of text, puts translation action into cross-cultural communication and considers function of translation as the core of theory. There are four people making great contributions to functionalist theory. They are Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Justa HolzManttari and Christiane Nord. This part is going to introduce their studies. 4. 1 Katharina Reiss Reiss proposed a model of translation assessment based on functional relationship between ST and TT in the book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism. She points out that function of text should be a criterion of translation criticism. Her theory adheres to equivalence-based theory and advocates that the ideal translation is the achievement of equivalence of content, language form and 13 ommunicative function. But in practice it is impossible to achieve such equivalence. She is aware of the fact that not all functions of TT are the same as those of ST, and the form of TT is unnecessary to be same as that of ST, which means translation action does not need to achieve equivalence in traditional theories. Thus the function of translation is more important t han equivalence. Translation criticism should depend on the circumstance of text, not on the analysis of features of original text, which takes precedence over traditional theories. She thinks that a text has many functions but only one is dominant and this one controls the whole translation action. The judge of text type helps translators to determine the level of equivalence that should be achieved and to select the proper translation strategy. Reiss divides text types into three kinds, informative text, expressive text and operative text. Brand name belongs to the last kind whose purpose is to lead readers to act in a certain way. â€Å"Therefore, both the content and form are subordinate to the extralinguistic effect that the text is designed to achieve. Operative text translation should be guided by the overall aim of bringing about the same reaction in the audience. â€Å"(Zhang 10) 4. 2 Hans Vermeer Vermeer put forward the most important theory of functionalist theory, Skopos Theory. Skopos is a Greek word, meaning aim or purpose. He thinks that translation, like other human actions, has particular purpose, which is the core of the whole action of translating. Just as his teacher, Reiss, does, he considers that the purpose of translation determines which method should be used. ‘Skopos theory’ focuses above all on the purpose of translation, which determines translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result†(Mundy 97). Skopos theory has three rules, the skopos rule, the coherence rule and the fidelity rule. The skopos rule means the result of translation enables translation of text to realize its functions in the situation it is applied and with people who use it. In other words, the aim of translation determines the action of translation and the result of 14 translation decides selected strategy. The coherence rule, also called intratextual coherence, means that TT must be natural and fluent in TL and be understood by receivers, given the culture and circumstance of them. TT is the transmission of ST, and the content of TT must bear relationship with that of ST. Such relationship is called fidelity. From the above introduction to skopos theory, it is clear that the most element of translation action is addressee. Because receivers’ culture, knowledge and needs determine the method and the strategy of translation. The three rules should be applied in zero translation of brand name. The aim of brand name translation is to keep the flavor of brand name in ST, which is the first rule. The second rule is to make the result of translation acceptable and understandable in culture of TL. The last one, the fidelity rule, preserves features of original brand name as many as possible. Therefore zero translation of brand name must adhere to the three rules. 4. 3 Justa Holz Manttari Manttari further develops functionalist theory and expands the area in which functionalist theory is adoptable. In her theory, translational action is regarded as a complex action designed to meet particular needs. Translation, driven by purpose, is to transfer message with cross-cultural communication. She mainly studies translational action, roles in such action and circumstance in which translational action occurred. 4. 4 Christiane Nord Nord firstly systematizes functionalist approaches and introduces functionalist translation theory comprehensively in her book Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained in 1997. She agrees with the above three scholars’ theories and creates her own theory, function plus loyalty. In her opinion, translators would abandon useless part of ST after they clarify the purpose of translation. She stresses the importance of ST and thinks that translators should be responsible for ST writers, TT addressees and initiators, and such responsibility is 15 loyalty. Loyalty is different from fidelity because fidelity is just the relationship between ST and TT but loyalty is interpersonal relationship among translators, ST writers, TT addressees and initiators. Besides purpose of translation, translators have to reach a balance among other groups. TT must achieve the purpose of translation such as cultural communication and satisfy ST writers, TT addressees and initiators as much as possible. . 5 Zero Translation of Brand Name in the Light of Functionalist Theory According to functionalist translation theory, translation is a purposeful action and different text determines different translation strategy and criteria. Breaking through traditional translation theory, functionalist translation theory emphasizes the importance of function in evaluation and action of translation. In tr anslating brand name, â€Å"it is essential that in the target language the same effect be achieved as the original in the source language†(Reiss 41). As a new kind of translation method, zero translation can achieve functional equivalence furthest. Functions of brand name are transferring information of products and stimulating consumption. Translation of brand name must realize those functions of original brand name. In other words, translation of brand name helps people of TL to understand and accept products by transferring features of products and meaning of original brand name across cultural boundary and to persuade potential consumers to make a purchase. Zero translation is an effective method to translate brand name for following advantages. Zero translation transmits information of brand name with no loss or least loss of original form. It leaves customers of TL the same feelings as SL people have by lead TL customers to understand meaning of brand name in the circumstance of SL. Thus zero translation can preserve functions of SL brand name as much as possible. Another advantage is identification. Because zero translation keeps the form or the pronunciation of brand name in SL, it is easy to avoid confusion. For example, Windows, an operating system developed by Microsoft, once was translated as , but its owner was unwilling to use this translation because ? was likely to mislead Chinese users to consider it as an operating system developed by domestic 16 companies, and customers lost original user experience and feelings. Therefore Microsoft insisted on transferring Windows in China. The next chapter is going to provide some examples of electronic products to prove the applicability of main methods of zero translation such as transference, transliteration and complementary translation. Chapter 5 Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Products People’s lifestyle and working pattern has been changed by electronic products including computer, digital camera and mobile phone, etc. These products bring about convenience and have been necessities for most people. In recent decades, many international companies produce and sell their electronic products in China. In order to compete with domestic products, those international companies apply different translation methods to make their brand names acceptable in China. Some Chinese intend to buy products of foreign brand names because these products signify wealth and taste. In such situations, zero translation keeps form and pronunciation more completely than other translation strategies. The writer finds that zero translation is common in translating brand names of electronic products because zero translation preserves the original flavor of brand name and wins customers’ favor. Transliteration is often applied to translate brand names, which are easy to be pronounced in Chinese and others are translated by transference and complementary translation. 5. 1 Transliteration Many foreign companies are named after its founder or the place where it was founded, and their meanings make no sense in Chinese culture. It is difficult and useless to transmit meaning of those brand names. Therefore transliteration is the best method if their phonetic symbols are similar with pronunciation of Chinese characters. Dell and Nokia belong to this kind. Some brand names reflect the history of company. For example Motorola 17 is the combination of â€Å"motor† and rola. Motor means the company produced cars and rola is the suffix of Victrola, the name of predecessor of Motorola. The literal meaning of such brand name will not help people of TL accept its product because of the lack of cultural ground. It is better to transliterate them to keep the pronunciation. Transliteration is also applied to translate brand name with special meaning. The former name of Sony Corporation was Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation, but it was too long. In 1958, the former name was changed to Sony. The Sony name was created by combining sonus, the original Latin for sonic, meaning sound, with sonny, denoting small size, or a youthful boy. It was chosen for its simple pronunciation th at is the same in any language. The feature of Sony is conciseness and its meaning. But if translators want to express its meaning, TT will be too long and lose its feature. In China, it is transliterated to ? ? , which preserves the conciseness and the pronunciation of Sony. The writer will list more examples of brand name of electronic products. Table 2 Transliteration of Brand Name Brand Name Transliteration Canon Nikon Olympus Casio Leica Philips Alcatel Semheiser Shure 5. 2 Transference Some brand names are difficult to transliteration because of the difference of pronunciation between two languages and to translate their literal meaning with the 18 limit of length or the lack of original feelings. For this kind of brand name, the best translation method is transference. Thinkpad, created by staff of IBM, combines think with pad. The pad is the notepaper used in IBM and the letter think is IBM’s motto printed on the top of the note paper. Because the literal meaning of Thinkpad is ?, which makes no sense in China, it is better to keep its original form. Like the translation of Thinkpad, transference is also applied in translating Android, a mobile operation system developed by Google, Shuffle, a MP3 player produced by Apple, Nexus, a mobile phone designed by Google, and Palm, a mobile phone producer. . 3 Complementary Translation â€Å"Complementary translation in brand name translation is a method by which translated brand name is not only homophonic with the original, but also has specific meaning. † (Zhang 27) It keeps phonetic feature of brand name and change the form of TT with artful skills. For example, the translation of Galaxy, a series of mobile phone d esigned by Samsung, is . The literal translation of Galaxy is , but it cannot express its top status among mobile phones as does. The writer collects fifty foreign brand names of electronic products and analyzes their translation methods. Here is the result of the survey. Table 3 Result of a Survey on Methods of Brand Name Translation Translation Transference Transliteration Number Percentage Literal Free Mixed translation method Complementary translation translation translation 7 24 5 3 5 6 14% 48% 10% 6% 10% 12% Zero translation 72% 19 Conclusion In this thesis, zero translation is divided into two kinds, absolute zero translation and relative zero translation, like Liu Mingdong’s classification, but the former one is transference and the latter covers transliteration and complementary translation. The item, zero translation was brought about following the concept of untranslatability, which is undeniable to some degree because of the difference between culture of SL and TL. The aim of zero translation is to express effects of product and information pf producer in the culture of SL without any loss and zero translation is better than other translation strategy because it shows the cultural meaning in the form of SL. Zero translation focuses on the purpose of translation without the emphasis on equivalence of content, therefore zero translation corresponds the functionalist theory. By analyzing these examples of brand names of electronic products, this thesis proves that zero translation succeeded in meeting requirements of brand translation, thus zero translation is an applicable method in brand translation. 20 Reference 1. Du, Zhengming. [ ], , , (? )2000. . : ?, 2000 2. Holz-Manttari, Justa. Translational Action: Theory and Method. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1984 3. Liu, Mingdong. [ ], ? . ? , 2002,(1): 29-32 4. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2004 5. Luo, Guoqing. [ ]. :. , 2011,(2): 116-120 6. Mundy, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications. London and New York: Routlege 2001 7. Newmark, Peter. A textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press, 2001 8. Nord, Christiane. Translating as a PurposefulActivity-Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001 9. Qiu, Maoru. [ ], ? . ? , 2001,(1): 24-27 10. Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004 11. Sang, Yuanwei; Wang, Juxiang. [ ], : â€Å" †. , 2006(2): 32-35 12. Vermeer, Hans J. Skopos and Translation Commission. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000 13. Zhang, Mengya. [ ], â€Å" â€Å", ? 21 , 2009 22 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my tutor, Professor Liu Shizhu, who is a devoted, professional, resourceful scholar. He has helped me in more than one way during my college study as well as in my thesis writing. He lights the way for me. Thanks to his inspirational ideas, I chose translation of brand name as the thesis theme. In the writing process, he helped me with encouragements and guidance. I should say that without his help, there is no chance that this thesis would be present. In the second place, I would like to thank my family for their care and support for me. There is nothing more valuable to me than the love from family members. I still remember the day when I got stuck on writing the thesis; it is my father’s words encouraged me to look ahead. I should thank my mother for her delicious dishes and I owe a lot to my grandfather. My family has taught me to be a decent person, a person values honor and cares for others. Last but not least, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all those who have helped me make this thesis possible and better. My lovely friends, my cheerful roommates, and the girl I want to spend my life with. They all help me, on the thesis or in my life. 23 24 How to cite Zero Translation of Brand Name of Electronic Product, Papers

Marie Curie A Pioneering Physicist Essay Example For Students

Marie Curie: A Pioneering Physicist Essay Aspirations come from hopes and dreams only a dedicated person canconjure up. They can range from passing the third grade to making the localhigh school football team. Marie Curies aspirations, however, were muchgreater. Life in late 19th century Poland was rough. Being a female in thosedays wasnt a walk in the park either. Marie Curie is recognized in history bythe name she took in her adopted country, France. Born in Poland in 1867, shewas christened Manya Sklodowska. In the year of her birth, Poland was ruled bythe neighboring Russia; no Pole could forget it, or at least anyone involved ineducation, as both Manyas parents were. Manyas mother was a headmistress of agirls school. The Russians insisted that Polish schools teach the Russianlanguage and Russian history. The Poles had to teach their children their ownlanguage and history in secrecy. Manya enjoyed learning but her childhood was always overshadowed bydepression. At the young age of six, her father lost his job and her familybecame very poor. In the same year of 1873, her mother died of tuberculosis. As if that wasnt enough tragedy for the family already, two of her sisters diedof typhus as well. Her oldest sister, Bronya, had to leave school early to takecare of the family. Despite all these hardships and setbacks, Manya continuedto work hard at school. Although her sister Bronya had stopped going to school to act as thefamilys housekeeper, she desperately wanted to go on studying to become adoctor. This was almost impossible in Poland, however. In Poland, women werenot allowed to go to college. Many Poles took the option to flee from Russianrule and live in France; this is exactly what Bronya did.She had set herheart on going to Paris to study at the famous Sorbonne University (TheUniversity of Paris). The only problem now was that she had no money to getthere. Manya and Bronya agreed to help each other attain their educations. Manya got a job as a governess and sent her earnings to support Bronya in Paris. Then, when Bronya could afford it, she would help Manya with her schooling andeducation in return. Manya went to live in a village called Szczuki with afamily called Zorawski. Aside from teaching the two children of the family forseven hours a day, she organized lessons for her own benefit as well. Manyaspent her evenings, late evenings, and even mornings devouring books onmathmatics and science. Bronya finished her studies and married a Polish doctor, Casimir Dluski. They invited Manya to live with them in Paris while she went to college. Manyadidnt want to leave her country and most importantly, her family. Hereagerness for the quest of knowledge overcame her fear of the unknown,nonetheless. She travelled to Paris in an open railroad car on a trip thatlasted three days in the Polish winter. She arrived safely to her long-since-childhood dream, the city of Paris. Manya Sklodowska quickly became Marie. While Marie improved her French, she stayed with Bronya and her husband. They lived more than an hour away from the university. Marie wanted to benearer to her work, so she eventually ended up moving out of her sisters homeand into a single cold damp room, eating only enough to keep her alive. Fortunate enough for a scholarship, Marie was able to go on studying until shehad completed two courses. In her final exam-inations, she came in first inthe subject of mathematics and second in physics. By 1894, at the age of 27,Marie had aquired not one, but two degrees from Frances top university and alsobecame a totally fluent speaker of the French language. Marie had always ruled love and marriage out of her lifes program. Shewas obsessed by her dreams, harassed by poverty, and overdriven by intensivework. Nothing else counted; nothing else existed. She did, however, meet ayoung man every day at Sorbonne and at the laboratory. Marie and her destinyactually met on coincidence. Marie needed somewhere to conduct her experimentsfor research ordered by the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry. The lab at Sorbonne was too crowded with students, in addition to not having theright equipment. A friend of hers suggested a friends labratory. His name wasPierre Curie. Marie soon completed her commitment to her adopted country bymarrying this Frenchman. Marie and Pierre Curie got married in 1895. The two of them combinedprobably made up the best team of scientists ever. Pierre had made importantdiscoveries about magnetism. Marie decided to follow this up by looking at themagnetic properties of steel. In the same year of their marriage, a Germanscientist by the name of Wilhelm Roentgen made an accidental discovery. Hefound that certain substances produced rays of energy that would pass throughsoft materials as opposed to hard materials. Due to the fact that scientistsoften use the symbol x to stand for anything unknown, he called his mysteriousdiscovery the x-ray. The x-ray was more than an ammusing puzzle. By directingx-rays and photographic film at a solid object that consisted of both soft andhard substances a positive image can be made of the hard substance. A primeexample would be the human body. This discovery now made it possible to lookinside the human body without performing surgery. Within the few days of thefindings, x-ray s were used to locate a bullet in a mans leg. The world ofmedicine had acquired a major new tool for examining the sick and injured. The year after Roentgens discovery, a French researcher and a friend ofthe Curies, Antoine Henri Becquerel found that a rare substance called uraniumgave off rays that seemed to be very much like the x-rays that Wilhelm Roentgenhad described. Hamlet In Detail EssayMarie was shattered by the news of her husbands death but soonrecovered the determination to carry on with her work. The French govern-mentproposed to recognize Pierres work to the nation by granting Marie a pentionfor herself and her children. She refused saying, I am young enough to earn myliving and that of my childrenThe Sorbonne agreed with her because The Faculty of Science votedunanimously that she should succceed Pierre as Professor. It was a uniquetribute, for she became not only the first woman professor at Sorbonne but thefirst at any French university. Marie had felt it was her duty to succeed her husband. He had alwayssaid he would have liked to see Marie teach a class at Sorbonne. Marie at lastshowed her final feeling on the matter by the way in which she gave her firstpublic speech lecture to a packed crowd. In the year of 1910, four years after Pierres death, Marie published along account of her discoveries of radioactivity. This led to her being awardeda second Nobel Prize. Not for another fifty years would anyone accomplish sucha remarkable honor. This time, Marie went to Stochholm in Sweden to accept herprize in person. 1911 should have been a year of triumph, but it turned out tobe a awful year of anguish, however. The awarding of Maries second Nobel Prizewas controversal because many say it was given to her out of pity of her husband. That same year, Marie failed by two votes to be elected to be in the Academy ofSciences. Worse yet, some newspapers said that her close friendship with thescientist Paul Langevin was wrong because he was a married man with fourchildren. Marie received many spiteful letters and became distressed. A spell inthe nursing home and a trip to England helped her to recover. Maries real curefor her problems was definitely her work. The Sorbonne at last decided to giveher what she needed to do it properly a special institute for the study ofradium, newly-built on a road renamed in honor of her husband, Rue PierreCurie. Marie was thrilled with this new project and gave it, as her ownpersonal gift, the precious radium she and Pierre had prepared with their ownhands. This radium was precious in every sense. It was vital for furtherscientific research. It was essential for its use in medicine and it was worthmore than a million gold francs. The Radium Institution was finished on July 13, 1914. Less than a weeklater, World War I broke out. Marie gave up all thought of scientific work inher new institute and threw herself behind the cause of her adopted country. Before dedicating herself to the war, Marie made a special trip to Bordeaux, inwestern France and put the precious gram of radium away in a bank vault. Marie donated all her money toward the war efforts including her ownpersonal savings in gold to be melted down. She even offered her medals, butthe bank refused them. Marie quickly saw that there was one service that shecould do for France that no one else could organize a mass x-ray service forthe treatment of wounded soldiers. During the course of the war, Marie, alongwith volunteers, equipped 20 cars as mobile x-ray units and set up more than 200hospital rooms with x-ray equiptment. Over a million men were x-rayed, whichsaved tens of thousands of lives and prevented an untold number of amputations. Between 1916 and 1918, Marie Curie trained 150 people including 20 AmericanExpeditionary Force members in x-ray technology of radiology. After the warended, Marie continued to train radiologists for another two years. Marie disliked reproters and kept away from journalists. One Americanreporter, Mrs. Marie Melaney was persistent. Marie finally gave in to her andagreed to an interview. The two quickly became friends. Mrs. Melaney understoodhow Marie had put aside her scientific work during the war and knew that in thewhole of France there was only one gram of radium that Marie had presented tothe newly-established institute. Mrs. Melaney went back to the United Statesand asked the country for a sum of $100,000 for another gram of radium forMaries research. Marie was widely known and millions dutifully complied. In1921, Marie was invited to the United States to receive her radium. Afterstepping out into the public just once, the world fell in love. She became sort of and ambassador for science, travelling to othercountries, educating as well as still receiving honors. In 1925, the Polishgovernment erected another radium institute, this time in her honor The MarieSklodowska/Curie Institute. The President of Poland laid the first corner stonewhile Marie laid the second. The women of the United States acknowledged her asecond time and collected enough money to produce yet another gram of radium tobe presented to the Polish Institute for its research and treatment program. In may of 1934, Marie Curie was stricken to her bed due to the flu. Being too weak to fight against the virus, she died in a sanitarium in theFrench Alps. She was quietly buried on July 6, 1934 and laid to rest next toher husband Pierre. Marie Curie was a woman of the ages. She represented true humanity inthe pusuit of perfection. Marie found humanitys perfection in chemistry andher work. Loving what she did and devoting herself to the sciences is what madeher happy in the sense that true perfection was found. Category: Science

Ethics Of Freegan Movement Outweigh And Dumpster Diving For Dinner

Question: Discuss about the Ethics Of Freegan Movement Outweigh And Dumpster Diving For Dinner. Answer: The ethics behind the freegan movement does outweigh the health risks associated with the practice of dumpster diving. As explained by the authors of both the articles that dumpster diving is a comparatively safer for those people who are doing so for the sake of conserving the environment, as they have adequate protective gears to wear before jumping down the dumpster in search of food. Jim Chan who has been a health inspector for 30 years has stated that he has not come across any person suffering from illness after eating from dumpster (Tibbetts 2015). According to Quincey Brandt who is a 28 years old student dumpster diving is an easy way of getting food and saving the environment at the same time and also promoting anti consumerism. He has been doing so for the past 5 years and has faced no problems or has fallen sick after eating food taken from dumpsters. At the same time studying the evidences from the second article it can be said that almost fresh food items are discarded b y the supermarkets who are unable to store the same and they throw out these food items as waste. A group of freegan enthusiasts discovered a number of fresh food items from the waste bins outside the parking lots and the supermarkets. Even these foods were packed in bags and the beers that they found were placed in a carton. Thus judging from the above facts it can be said that all the foods foraged by the freegans are quite safe to consume and there are no serious health risks associated with the foods gathered from dumpsters. The freegan movement promotes an idea of a self-sustainable future and conservation of natural resources and at the same time it sends a strong statement against anti consumerism. After the fact has been established that freegan movement has no health risks, now the positive sides of the movement can be highlighted. The freegans who have joined this movement, most of them does this by their own choice and not because they cannot afford food. These people are trying to take a step against the societys wasteful behaviour. Freegans believe in consuming only that much which is necessary and not more than that, they are even careful to leave enough food for others as well and they follow certain rules for the benefit of others. Instead these foods which are thrown away for silly reasons should be donated away to the needy and the poor people who cannot afford food. People should understand the importance of conserving natural resources so that in the future humans are able to have enough resources to live. There are certain parts of the world where people starve daily yet in other developed countries food of good quality is thrown away and not distributed among the needy people (Charlton and Cosgrove 2015). This is another important reason why the ethical grounds of freegan movement is far important than the health risks it has. Another important reason why the ethics of freegan movement outweigh its health risks is that nowadays people are continuously being driven by excessive consumerism which is not a healthy way to live ones life, the freegan movement teach everyone that to live a healthy life it is not necessary to depend upon several products at the same time. One should not be influenced too much by the marketing techniques of the product based companies. Buying more than what is actually necessary creates excessive wastage of environmental resources. Thus to save the future of human beings and protect the present generation from the influences of consumerism understanding freegan movement is crucial. References: Charlton, K and Cosgrove, S.,2015. Dumpster diving for dinner: do you have what it takes to eat 'freegan' food?', The Conversation, viewed 4February 2018, https://theconversation.com/dumpster-diving-for-dinner-do-you-have-what-it-takes-to-eat-freegan-food-37117 Tibbetts, J., 2015. 'Freegans risk the hazards of dumpster diving', Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 185, no. 7, pp. 282-283.